Essay on market development of china - 660 Words

Discuss the possible measures that, you think, Chinese government should take to further attract inward FDI and optimize its structure to meet China’s goals of economic development? Attraction of inward foreign direct investments (FDI) has been deserving attention for many governments worldwide. Conditions of infrastructure, corruption, taxes, as well as the implementation of the policies by the governments are common factors of the attraction of inward FDI. In order to further attract inward FDI and optimize its structure to meet China’s goals of economic development, I think there are three aspects the government could consider, which are government policies, incentives, and promotions,. Firstly, implementations of government†¦show more content†¦Direct investment is an option. As a result, the corporation can get free access to infrastructure. Chinese government could use in marketing campaign in a transparent way to attract inward FDI. Take grants and tax concessions as an example. The tax-code provision could benefit some economic activities, which could encourage operational efficiencies. It could also ensure the government policies are responsive to citizens’ preference, which provides the most efficient means to the end of harmonization of tax rates and provision. For the second type, it is associated with information in general and with transparent competition for inward FDI. For example, the difficulty of the Chinese language may be a barrier to the inward FDI invest in China, even the country is integrated in all aspects. The Chinese government could provide support to those foreign investors by helping them to realize the necessity of being present in China. This could be done by implementing rules, for instance, all consumer information should be written in Chinese. As a result, the government could turn this disadvantage into a factor for attracting inward FDI. Thirdly, organizing inward investment promotion. It is aimed at increasing the international visibility of China through marketing and at advancing the process of investment by giving tailored services.Show MoreRelatedChina s Domestic Market Development1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe China market provides many opportunities for foreign firms to take part in its economy; this is different from transferring parts of an industry to China – taking advantage of high quality labor at low costs - for the purpose of re-exporting. China is revolutionizing its economic standards to be able to compete head to head with the advanced industrial countries in the world. China’s domestic market growth potential is a topic of concern for many people in business and government all over theRead MoreWhy Samsung Enters Chinese Market And The Environment Of Samsung And China1466 Words   |  6 PagesCompany and Host Country Strategic Environment Analysis To analyse why Samsung enters Chinese market and the environment of Samsung and China, there will be internal and external tools which are SWOT analysis of Samsung and PEST analysis of China to be discussed. In addition, the definition and importance of SWOT and PEST analysis will be introduced. 1. SWOT and PEST Analysis SWOT analysis, which refers to Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, is a kind of method of scientific and strategicRead MoreThick-Film Hybrid Integrated Circuits Industry in China and Global Regions 20131202 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal And China Thick-Film Hybrid Integrated Circuits Industry 2013 Market Research Report The report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, applications and industry chain structure. Global market analysis and Chinese domestic market analysis are provided with a focus on history, developments, trends and competitive landscape of the market. A comparison between the international and Chinese situation is also offered. Global and China Thick-film hybrid integrated circuitsRead MoreGlobal And China Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66/PA66) Industry 2013 Market Analysis and Overview1618 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational market analysis, China domestic market analysis, Macroeconomic environment and economic situation analysis and influence, Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66/ PA 66) industry policy and plan, Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66/ PA 66) product specification, manufacturing process, product cost structure etc. Browse Complete report with TOC : http://www.qyresearchreports.com/report/global-and-china-polyamide-66-nylon-66pa66-industry-2013-market-research-report.htm Then statistics Global and China key manufacturersRead MoreThe Economic Growth Of China1503 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past three decades in China, it goes without saying that it was miracle that economic growth increased rapidly. For the size of gross domestic product (GDP), China grew by around 10% per year on average, so that it became the second largest economy in the end of 2012, behind the United States. During the last 30 years, the GDP per capita raised from $205 to $6075. One of the most crucial achievement is that China, the largest exporter and the second largest importer, ranked NO.1 inRead MoreMarketing Development Of New Product Development1469 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalization, more and more competitors are emerging in the market. In order to keep pace with the change of environment, new product development (NPD) has been identified as one of the most important activities of business enterprises for a long time. (Lee Souder, 2010; Abdul Abd, 2014) From the perspective of companies, product development is an essential element to accelerate the economy increased. It also a key factor to obtain and expand the market shares. (Chandra. Neelankavil, 2008; Elliot, NakataRead MoreThe Fta With Chile Fta1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe China its FTA with Chile was not only the first bilateral FTA for China but also its first with a Latin American country. When the agreement was signed in 2005, the China – Chile FTA only included tariff cuts and provisions on investment promotion and facilitation. After entering into force in 2006, there have also been negotiations on trade in services and investments (2010). The objectives of this Agreement, as elaborated more specifically through its principles and rules, including nationalRead MoreChina Optical Coherence Tomography(Oct) Industry 2013 Market Research Report967 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal and China Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT) Industry Research Report 2013 also focuses on development policies and plans for the industry as well as a consideration of a cost structure analysis. Capacity production, market share analysis, import and export consumption and gross margins are discussed. Browse Complete Report with TOC @ http://www.qyresearchreports.com/report/global-and-china-optical-coherence-tomographyoct-industry-2013-market-research-report.htm A key feature of thisRead MoreWhy China Can Attract More FDI: A Response to Competitiveness in India and China: the FDI puzzle1475 Words   |  6 Pages Why China Can Attract More FDI: A Response to Competitiveness in India and China: the FDI puzzle In 2008, a serious financial crisis swept the globe, causing many countries economies sunk in depression or recession. After four years, some emerging economies, such as China and India which are the members of the BRICS (the acronym of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development), firstly got rid of the effectRead MoreStrategic Marketing Plan For New Zealand Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesachieves the following. †¢ Reflects the values of the organization. †¢ Inspires change and revision in products and target markets. †¢ Clearly defines the criteria for achieving success. †¢ Assists everyone in daily decision making.† (Olsen,2011). 7.1 Where are we now? Aubade New Zealand Limited exports unprocessed bi-product Radiata pine logs to India which has a developing market demand for New Zealand. Exporting unprocessed logs to India, it yields some social benefits. And the company invested

change proposal - 1183 Words

Change Proposal HRM/310 Change Proposal Customer support, accounting, finance, sales, marketing, and operations are some of the examples of divisions many businesses consist of. This report will display proposal modifications in the sales division at the Kudler’s Fine Foods organization. The purpose of this report is to obtain the authorization to perform a change management program in the sales division from upper management. Step one in the report will display why a change is important and how change management will benefit the organization. .The second step will detail the four dimensions of change management and how the dimensions purpose relates to the problem. The†¦show more content†¦Another vital factor is successfully controlling change. Controlling change will help management in reducing the level of Kudler employee who disagree in the modification of the division. This is another reason management should effectively accomplish the change by accomplishing the main objectives of the program. These objections consist of ensuring the organization receives results from the modification and inspire employees look forward to achieving the goal of the modification. . Project Management Approach Kudler’s management team change management approach consists of management and employee’s interacting in a shared mission (Leban Stone, 2008). The change management approach will ensure management that employees understand the importance of the modification how he or she and company stakeholders will benefit from the modification (Green, 2007). Sharing the mission with employees and stakeholders will help employee’s easily follow the organization’s purpose and adapt to the change within the division. Sales employee will also have the opportunity of obtaining receiving bonuses reward for result achieved in the modification by an increase in sales and productivity. Return on Investment (ROI) Higher management may request that the sales management team to show a detailed forecast of the results of the modification after the modification is in process. Sales and the profitShow MoreRelatedGlobal Climate Change Proposal1451 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Climate Change Proposal Nicole Petitta SCI/245 August 5, 2012 Marc W. Romine Abstract I hope this proposal will assist the reader in understanding our Earth’s critical condition and ways even an individual can attribute to the betterment of our environment. Global Climate Change Proposal Scientists refer to global climate change as any alteration in the average temperature involving the climate system. The climate system involves the following: our atmosphere, including temperature, cloudsRead MoreA Proposal Response On Climate Change And 192 Countries1449 Words   |  6 Pagescountries have become Parties to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and 192 countries have signed the protocol , the climate crisis has not been solved but accelerated. By introduction a new energy-efficient standard in New York City to both public and private buildings could largely relieve this intensified situation and help sustain momentum from the People’s Climate March. This new proposal will transform New York City into an eco-friendly city with less greenhouse gas emissionsRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : A Proposal Argument1359 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Climate Change: A Proposal Argument Statement of the Problem Climate change is not a new concept. It has been mostly referred to as global warming in the past. As much as people would like to file this issue away as something to deal with at a later date, it simply cannot wait. This problem we face is costing us billions of dollars, forests and wildlife are being eliminated, and people are dying. Starting to sound like a big deal, right? Future generations will be affected the most. 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Starbucks Coffee Company 2401 Utah Avenue South Seattle, WA 98134 RE: Starbucks Marketing Changes Proposal Dear Howard: Currently, Starbucks is experiencing some serious difficulties in terms of executing its major strategies. Unfortunately, as we continue to push towards greater and greater expansion, it is clear that we are loosing some of our core customers. Many are becoming disillusioned with the idea of an overly corporate and diluted image ofRead MoreProject Proposal: Effects of Climate Change1322 Words   |  6 PagesProject Proposal: Effects of Climate Change The final research paper generated from the Project Proposal: Effects of Climate Change will discuss the question, what Americans can do to reduce climate change health effects? Various research publications by credible sources advise, global warming climate change has an affect on human health. Climate change and the impact on human health can be connected through direct or indirect variables. 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However, the self-development program for individual employees is guided by management determination of where the employee best fits into the organization. This suggests a mid-level, management centric approach to employee self-development

Research Methodology Social Media

Question: Discuss about theResearch Methodology for Social Media. Answer: Literature Review Introduction Social media is a series of computer-mediated tools that are used by various parties for connections and socialization. These tools have been developed from time to time to fit the needs of the users (companies, individuals among other organizations). The core aim of social media was to manage relationships among before but because of the competitiveness of the society, the platform has been of much importance to the community. It has also been used in creating virtual communities where people can share information and managing the marketing of products and services among other tasks. Due to its diversity, a lot of research has been undertaken to scrutinize its impacts in the society. In these research works, different approaches (qualitative, quantitative or mixed method) have been used to analyze the data and make respective conclusions. Examples of journal articles will be described before, which focuses on the issue of social media in the contemporary society. Connecting with Others Connecting with others is an article that has been published by Patrick Wayne, Geneva Gray and Mary Kate Reese from Geneva University. They focused on the usage of online social networking for creating of connections between various people who have differing objectives. In addition, the authors were aiming at identifying various effects of social media usage to the users. Therefore, through this research, it was expected that the consequences of social media would be identified after various observations and data analysis. The usage of social media differs with the time a person spends on the networking sites. Some individuals are said to be heavy users because of the addition, thus spending most of their times on their social sites such as Facebook and Twitter account. However, connecting with others is an article whose purpose was to make the audience understand the in-depth effects of heavy users of social media to their lives. It was found that all the people who participated in the survey supported that the objective of social media in to enhance relationships and online connections. For instance, one of the respondents stated that social media helps in connecting with many people on the same platform. The online connection was enhanced by the inefficient offline connections between people. Some others stated social media could help them develop offline events. In addition, some stated that isolation drew them to the usage of social media that helped them keep busy evade boredom. Use of social media affects the moods of the users depending on the responses of the posts. This is based on the responses of the participants of the survey who also responded differently concerning their frequency of use. This article recommends future research to pro vide more in-depth research about impacts of social networking use in several ways (Powell, Gray, Reese, 2013). Crises and Social Media Crises and Social Media is an article that was developed by creating a meta-study research aimed at analyzing the use of social networking in communication crisis. Data used was obtained from other academic resources such as research projects and published articles for the last decade. The Period ensured that the data used was valid, and the level of certainty was high. This article would provide a rationale for the use of social media as a communication channel during crisis and emergencies. A qualitative methodology was used by analyzing other articles published in the field of communication and social media (Wetzstein, Grubmuller-Regent, Gotsch, Rainer, 2014). From the statistical analysis, it was found that the largest percentages of the texts analyzed focused on communication and media (83.3%) followed by computer-scientific (6.1%) and interdisciplinary texts that covered 4.5%. It was found that several texts were used for communication for various crisis situations. These crises occasions include natural calamities, health crises, terrorism and human error among others. It was found that there is a great need for enhancing the efforts of circulating information and using the available channels such as social media effectively. Social Media Effects on College Students As the technology continues to improve, many of its positive impacts on the society are being observed. Wei Chen, Qingya Wang and Yu Liang undertook a quantitative study focusing on the impacts of social media usage to the college students. This study involved a random sample size of 48 individual that included 26 males and 22 females. 65% of the participants were graduates, and 35% were undergraduate students of Johnson and Wales University. Most of the participants liked Facebook more than the other social sites such as Skype, Twitter, and MySpace. Almost half of the population admitted that they used around 6-8 hours on social sites, 23% spent more than 8hours and 30% spend less than four hours of their time in a day. Because of the anonymous time used on social media sites, the habit affected their academic performance and grades. Undertaking academic activities such as doing homework was not effectively performed. Educators are supposed to find better ways of dealing with the perceived problems of social media usage. Future research should find out if the use of social sites has positive impacts in academics and study (Wang, Chen, Liang, 2011). Use of Social Media in Emergency Leila Martini undertook a research study that used both qualitative and quantitative approaches that were performed in two phases. The study was aimed at the management of crisis and disaster management that has been affected by the development of technologies in mobile phones leading to increased use of social media. The quantitative approach was undertaken through National Emergency Management Association (NEMA) instrument that has been developed in 2012. In the second phase, a qualitative sample was selected in accordance to the quantitative segment. It was found that the use of social media in Florida was not mature enough to undertake social media in emergency cases. However, the system was evolving and making use of the existence of social networking as a method of communication and resolving the crisis. It was recommended that social media policies should be developed and more conferences and programs attended (Martini, 2014). Conclusion Social media has been of great importance in the society by helping in social developments. The community has been able to undertake other tasks such as communication and marketing through the social media platforms. This has been a technological development that needed to be embraced because its profitability is greater than the negative effects. The discussed article gives more information about social media and its use in the society. References Martini, L. (2014). Monitoring and Use of Social Media In Emergency Management In Florida. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6569context=etd Powell, P., Gray, G., Reese, M. (2013). A Qualitative Study of Online Social Networking Site Usage. Connecting With Others, 2, 52-67. Retrieved from https://www.thepractitionerscholar.com/article/download/11637/7985 Wang, Q., Chen, W., Liang, Y. (2011). The Effects of Social Media on College Students, 2-10. Retrieved from https://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004context=mba_student Wetzstein, I., Grubmuller-Regent, V., Gotsch, K., Rainer, K. (2014). Crises and Social Media: A Metastudy on Pertinent Research and Practice. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments, 10(2), 95-124. https://dx.doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201411203312

Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application

The biofuel has brought a large impact to the economic world based on various sectors. This perhaps could have been due to its broad usage over the recent years. This is especially after the farmers took a step on improved farming skills to come up with significant exploration on biofuels. Some of this impacts brought about by the biofuels are numerous.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recent rise in corn price has brought massive losses to the processors of the biofuels since they have to incur other expenses as they convert to a finished product. Therefore, this has resulted in increased final price to the consumer. Some of the impacts that have brought about more use of the biofuel in the current world have led to the replacement of the liquid oil from 1-2% recently1. Secondly, it has reduced price expenses with a range between 2 -4%, which is due to its stiff competition with the other oil fuels. Thirdly, it has saved the consumers by approximately $60 billion globally. This is due to its reduced cost which has enabled the consumers to save more than what they have been incurring before the price reduction. Fourthly, after its magnificent exploration it has brought about its large demand in the market. Essentially, this resulted in price increase of between 16-40%. Lastly, it brought about its use since it was explored unlike beginning before it came into its full use. This has shown that 12% of the corn output was in biofuels2. The developments in agriculture and conversion technology might influence the demand for biofuels. This is because of the same forces which bring about an increase in demand for fuel and food. The low output by the personnel in charge of production may bring about price escalation. This is due to high fuel demand with reduced production, which cannot sustain the market demand. Moreo ver, when there is low stock in the market and there demand is outweighing the supply; it also leads to price increase. This is because of competition by the consumers rushing for the limited stock in the market3. Some of the effects that have been brought about by the increased competition in the oil market include increased demand for biofuels. This also led to increases demand and price of crops such as corn. This has brought huge impacts on food prices, which have been accumulating over the period.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has brought a shortage leading to a decline in supply hence enhancing a push in prices. Slight changes in supply could have led to tremendous effects. Moreover, it is noted that the use of biofuel has increased from 16 % to 40% inception4. An increase in price of crops and a decrease in the price of fuel on a low income person will force the consumer to forego the fuel and go for food. This will make the consumer substantiate the amount of money used in buying fuel to derive utility on food due to increase in food prices. The consumer will tend to have less demand on fuel, but the demand of the food will shoot up creating an increase in food price. This will cause a shift in the demand curve of food to a higher level. Also, it will result in movement of supply of food demanded towards the origin point of the X-axis. All this is because the consumer will not bother on biofuels. This is because consumers will have to give the first preference to the food before everything else5. This will shift the equilibrium upwards due to food demand increase effect. This indicates that the person on a low income level would prefer to invest in food crop rather than the biofuel crops like corn. This is because the person may feel that investing in food crop would reduce the cost. This is because the individual is not in a position to incur much on biofuel which he or she may not need it at all6. Basing on the same models and concepts relating to a person who spends a relatively small portion of her income on food, the consequences of the changes in the price levels will still vary. This is brought about by the fact that the person has no problem in buying food. This is due to high income level exhibited by the consumer7. Therefore, this does not limit the consumer in purchasing the good regardless of the price increase. Nonetheless, the consumer will have to cut down the consumption of biofuel so as to compensate the cost incurred due to food price increase. This will bring a slight change in the demand curve of biofuel.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, biofuel demand will decrease, but the demand for food will remain unchanged. The supply of biofuel will decrease in the mean time before the consumer adjusts to the normal equilibrium8. This is all achieved by the introduction of equivalent variation that will bring the consumer back to the original consumption point in the equilibrium level. On the other hand, the same person who is spending little amount on food will spend most of his or her income in plating fuel crops like corn in return. This is due to a high rate of return while investing in biofuel rather than planting food crops of limited economic value to the individual. In a general sense, the person of high income will invest on biofuel, and not on food crops9. The price will change from Po to P1 due to the Quantity change from Q0 to Q1. The possible government policy response to the raised issues in parts A and B could help solve some of these problems encountered by consumers or the producers. Some of these issues affect all people within the system of biofuel. This includes the farmer and the final consumer withou t neglecting the processers and the middle distribution personnel. The farmers may be affected by the climate change or drought hence lowering the production of corn. This will lead to limited supply in the market. In this case, the price of food in the market will go up. This will force the consumers to carry the burden incurred by the processors during the processing stages.10Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cost of producing corn by the farmer, and selling it to the processers will still have to bear a huge cost. This is because during the low production season, the farmer will have to sell them at a high price. In this regard, the middle producers will increase the price of the biofuel in case they were converting it to a fuel. This is because of the raw materials scarcity in the market, which requires them to assemble their output before they convert to the final output.11 Notably, in each and every organization, profit is given the first preference. At last, the consumer will have to bear all the burden cost incurred by the farmers and the final producers in between before it reached them. The farmer has to push the cost of production to the next level due to increase in fertilizer and oil used by tractors in preparing the farm12. Apart from the production cost, there are also other factors like transport cost in oil to the required places. The transportation of oil from the poi nt of production to the consumers will have to be factored in by sellers. This will also bring about the huge burden to the consumers. This might be due to the country based on does not produce the oil within the country13. The other factor is due to increased production of ethanol which requires more of corn to be used as the main raw material. This boosted a great competition in food production hence encouraging high income people to venture much on it. This has also brought about limited land to be used in production of food crops14. The government can intervene to reduce or close the gap so that consumers and the producers are not oppressed. The government should make sure that there is an increase in food availability and biofuels to sustain the whole population basing on the market demand. This will address the needs of the final consumer. This will enable the farmers to meet the reasonable price in production, and ensure the final consumers pay reasonable price in the market. The last policy is that the government should invest in improving technology to enhance production of food and biofuel crops. This will balance the demand and supply in the market. Bibliography Bethune, Pete. Earthrace: Futuristic Adventures On The High Seas. North Shore, N.Z.: Hodder Moa/Hachette Livre, 2007. Brittaine, Richard and NeBambi Lutaladio. Jatropha: a smallholder bioenergy crop. 2010. Accessed from http://www.fao.org/3/i1219e/i1219e.pdf Buchanan, James M. The Demand and Supply of Public Goods, Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty, 2012. Bullis, Kelvin. Record Food Prices Linked to Biofuels. 2011. Accessed from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/424329/record-food-prices-linked-to-biofuels/ Cohen, Marc J., Cristina Tirado, Noora-Lisa Aberman and Brian Thompson. Impact of Climate Change on Bioenergy and Nutrition. n.d. Accessed from http://www.ifpri.org/publication/impact-climate-change-and-bioenergy-nutrition Hawken, Paul, Amory B. Lovins and Hunter Lovins. Nat ural capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution. London: Earthscan, 2005. Heinberg, Richard. The party’s over oil, war and the fate of industrial societies, Gabriola, B.C.: New Society Publisher, 2003. International Council of Shopping Centers. Retail Space Europe: Year book 2008, [S.l.]: International Council of Shopping Centers, 2008. Keeley, Brian and Patrick Love. From Crisis to Recovery The Causes, Course and Consequences of the Great Recession. Paris: OECD, 2010. Kirman, Alan. â€Å"The Intrinsic Limits of Modern Economic Theory: The Emperor has No Clothes†, The Economic Journal, V. 99, N. 395, (1989): pp 126-139 Kotler, Philip and Waldemar A. Pförtsch. B2B brand management with 7 tables, Berlin: Springer, 2006 Mitchell, Donald. Biofuels in Africa opportunities, prospects, and challenges, Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2011. Wrobel, Paulo and Alberto Luiz Pinto Coelho Fonseca. Clean Energy The Brazilian Ethanol Experience. London: Embassy of Brazil, 2006. Zilbe rman, David, Deepak Rajagopal, Steven Sexton and Gal Hochman. Biofuel and the New Economics Of Agriculture. 2008. Accessed from https://www.farmfoundation.org/ Footnotes 1 Zilberman, David; Deepak Rajagopal; Steven Sexton and Gal Hochman. Biofuel and the New Economics Of Agriculture. 2008. 2 Alan Kirman. â€Å"The Intrinsic Limits of Modern Economic Theory: The Emperor has No Clothes†, The Economic Journal, V. 99, N. 395, (1989), p. 127 3Richard Heinberg. The party’s over oil, war and the fate of industrial societies,(Gabriola, B.C.: New Society Publisher, 2003), p. 40 4 Richard Brittaine and NeBambi Lutaladio. Jatropha: a smallholder bioenergy crop. 2010. 5 Philip Kotler and Waldemar A. Pförtsch. B2B brand management with 7 tables,(Berlin: Springer, 2006), p. 299 6James M Buchanan. The Demand and Supply of Public Goods, (Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty, 2012), p. 14. 7 International Council of Shopping Centers. Retail Space Europe: Year book 2008.([ S.l.]: International Council of Shopping Centers, 2008), p. 46 8 Cohen, Marc J., Cristina Tirado, Noora-Lisa Aberman and Brian Thompson. Impact of Climate Change on Bioenergy and Nutrition. n.d. 9 Paulo, Wrobel and Alberto Luiz Pinto Coelho Fonseca. Clean energy the Brazilian ethanol experience, (London: Embassy of Brazil 2006), p. 56 1010 Bullis, Kelvin. Record Food Prices Linked to Biofuels. 2011. 11 Pete Bethune. Earthrace: Futuristic Adventures On The High Seas, (North Shore, N.Z.: Hodder Moa/Hachette Livre, 2007), p. 35 12 Donald Mitchell. Biofuels in Africa opportunities, prospects, and challenges, (Washington, D.C :World Bank, 2011), p. 76 13 Paul, Hawken, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution, (London: Earthscan, 2005), p. 84 14 Brian Keeley and Patrick Love. From Crisis to Recovery the Causes, Course and Consequences of the Great Recession. (Paris: OECD, 2010), p. 46 This essay on Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application was written and submitted by user Helena P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gillette Fusion Essay Essay Example

Gillette Fusion Essay Essay RecommendationIn order to increase entire gross revenues and put Gillette Fusion on path to be a $ 1 billion concern in the following few old ages. Gillette Fusion should establish a new advertisement run and cut down cartridge bundle monetary values by 20 % with the debut of a erstwhile voucher. Explanation The media’s reaction to the â€Å"blockbuster† advertizement run highlights many of the campaign’s defect. The run focused on the merchandise features instead than its benefits. Due to the ad’s merchandise focal point. Gillette failed to pass on why the extra blades and elastomer grip surfacing improved the quality of consumer’s shaving. The proposed advertisement run would turn to these defects and concentrate on the client experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to educate consumers. Gillette should use a mass media run similar to Pepsi’s â€Å"Pepsi Challenge. † This run will include blindfolded persons proving and comparing the Gillette Fusion with several other razors. and will be hosted by a famous person who portions similar trade name qualities as the Fusion. The famous person will be immature. sleek and advanced. like Ashton Kutcher or Dwayne Wade. †¢TV Ad: The telecasting advertizements will include a short debut by the famous person and cartridge holders of clients who have taken the challenge depicting why the Gillette Fusion is superior to its rivals. It should be featured during male-focused scheduling. like featuring events and grownup comedies. †¢Print Ad: The print advertizement will have a image of the famous person next to the razor and several quotation marks from persons who have taken the challenge. It should be featured in men’s manner magazines ( GQ ) . music magazines ( Rolling Stone ) and athleticss magazines ( ESPN. Sports Illustrated ) . †¢Radio Ad: The wireless advertizement will get down with an debut by the famous person depicting why he prefers the Gillette Fusion and so passage to reappraisals by those who have taken the challenge ( i. e. â€Å"The Gillette Fusion is unbelievable because †¦ If you don’t believe me. hear what people who have taken the challenge have to state for themselves †¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) . It should be featured during grownup talk shows ( Howard Stern Show ) and athleticss programming. In order to promote users to buy the merchandise. Gillette should offer a 20 % price reduction on cartridges with the debut of a one clip voucher. Because 64 % of work forces look at the monetary value of the cartridge before buying the corresponding razor. presenting a 20 % price reduction with a erstwhile voucher will promote those consumers weary of the high cartridge monetary values to buy the razor. Once buying and utilizing the razor. it is likely that the consumer will detect a important difference in the quality of shaving. and be willing to pay a higher monetary value for the superior merchandise. This is supported by the fact that of the 9. 000 work forces who tested the new razor. Fusion was preferred 2 to 1 over the competition. For the few who would normally non be willing to pay the higher monetary value for the cartridges. they will probably go on to buy the cartridges because of the shift costs associated with buying a new razor. The voucher should be displayed at points of purchase and in direct mail outs. The former can be achieved by supplying confederates with show allowance. Alternate Schemes Unlike the proposed scheme. each of the alternate schemes fails to at the same time pass on the effectivity of the merchandise and encourage clients weary of the monetary value to buy the merchandise. †¢Lowering the retail monetary value of the razor – This will non promote clients to buy the merchandise because ( a ) 64 % of consumers look at the cartridge monetary value before buying a razor and ( B ) a razor is a erstwhile cost to consumers. with a less snap of demand than cartridges. Besides. without a new advertisement run. they besides will go on non to understand why the merchandise is superior. and more expensive. than its rivals. †¢Reducing cartridge bundle monetary values by altering cartridge bundle size. Reducing the current four cartridge bundle with three cartridge bundles is merely effectual if consumers fail to register the difference in bundle size because the monetary value per cartridge will really increase. Furthermore. this scheme fails to educate consumers on why the merchandise is superior. and more expensive. than its rivals.

Free Essays on Gio Ponti

During the twentieth century, the world of Italian design achieved their identity as the â€Å"design capital of the world†. The evolution of Italian design was equally impacted by the rise of Fascism between the World Wars, the emergence of new ideological approaches towards design, and technological advancements. However, no other element influenced Italy’s national identity more than the work of Gio Ponti. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of Modernism in today’s world has sparked a renewed interest in Ponti’s design ideology, as well as his works, both of which have adopted innovation and refinement. In order to understand Gio Ponti’s influence on Italian design, one must first understand the influence the world had on Ponti. A brief synopsis of his existence is necessary in order to reveal the elements, which ultimately determined his novel ideology towards design. Ponti’s service during WWI and his work with various design firms he worked with over the span of nearly six decades are obvious contributions. Meanwhile, one cannot overlook his work as an editor and educator, nor his participation in the Triennale Exhibitions, which not only influenced Ponti but the rest of the world as well. First, it is necessary to give due credit to gioponti.com/index.html, which provided all of the following biographical information pertaining to Gio Ponti. Gio Ponti was born in Milan on November 18, 1891 to Enrico Ponti and Giovanna Rigone. As Italy engaged in a war with Austria, Ponti was drafted into the army. By 1916, Ponti acquired the rank of captain, while he also received the Bronze Medal and Military Cross. During his tour in WWI, Ponti witnessed many examples of the classical architect, Andrea Palladio. His experience with Palladian architecture helped to initiate his earliest conceptions of design. After exiting the war, Ponti pursued a degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic and finally... Free Essays on Gio Ponti Free Essays on Gio Ponti During the twentieth century, the world of Italian design achieved their identity as the â€Å"design capital of the world†. The evolution of Italian design was equally impacted by the rise of Fascism between the World Wars, the emergence of new ideological approaches towards design, and technological advancements. However, no other element influenced Italy’s national identity more than the work of Gio Ponti. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of Modernism in today’s world has sparked a renewed interest in Ponti’s design ideology, as well as his works, both of which have adopted innovation and refinement. In order to understand Gio Ponti’s influence on Italian design, one must first understand the influence the world had on Ponti. A brief synopsis of his existence is necessary in order to reveal the elements, which ultimately determined his novel ideology towards design. Ponti’s service during WWI and his work with various design firms he worked with over the span of nearly six decades are obvious contributions. Meanwhile, one cannot overlook his work as an editor and educator, nor his participation in the Triennale Exhibitions, which not only influenced Ponti but the rest of the world as well. First, it is necessary to give due credit to gioponti.com/index.html, which provided all of the following biographical information pertaining to Gio Ponti. Gio Ponti was born in Milan on November 18, 1891 to Enrico Ponti and Giovanna Rigone. As Italy engaged in a war with Austria, Ponti was drafted into the army. By 1916, Ponti acquired the rank of captain, while he also received the Bronze Medal and Military Cross. During his tour in WWI, Ponti witnessed many examples of the classical architect, Andrea Palladio. His experience with Palladian architecture helped to initiate his earliest conceptions of design. After exiting the war, Ponti pursued a degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic and finally...

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI Essay

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI - Essay Example China has continued to stimulate outward FDI, with the lifting of restrictions on Chinese firm operations overseas on the new law on foreign exchange. For instance, there is no need to obtain exchange based on a risk assessment. This is expected to increase Chinas Outward FDI. As much as the countries may have difficulties in navigating towards the process, China may opt to go to the developing countries because of initiatives employed by these countries. Recently China is focusing on Africa, to increase the outward FDI since it is currently relatively small than the size of its economy (Ilhà ©u, 2010). There are other top host countries of great interest to china, which include Hong Kong and the Caribbean tax haven. That constantly account for about 70% of the flow. These counties are often used by multinational firms to store wealth as a result of their confidentiality to the foreign investors. Focusing on these countries by Chinese firm may also be one of the ways of hiding wealt h from tax authorities, other authorities or the public shareholders (Morck, et al. 2007). The following are the three features of Chinese macro environment that are likely to connect with the outward FDI surge. High saving rates, Weak corporate governance, distorted capital allocation. As much as outward FDI can let firms gain important economies of scale and scope, the above features could combine to induce excessive outward FDI by the wrong players that would be working with the Chinese long-term economic prospects (Morck, et al. 2007, p 10). Therefore, it is important to understand outward FDI to achieve prosperity. Outward foreign direct investment by the Chinese firms was expected to reach a record of USD 120 billion in 2014. However, the recent liberalization of capital controls has also further complicated the task of recording such outflows accurately. Other data points suggest that the

Research report on Internet Security Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Internet Security - Research Paper Example This denotes whenever a person is online, he/she can become a possible target for security threats (BigPlanet, n.d.). Due to this reason, internet security has become more important for internet users including individual persons, organisations and the government. The structure of internet allows for the existence of several security threats (Daya, 2008). Focusing on this aspect, the report encompasses brief history of internet security threats. Furthermore, the report also describes about the method of protection from security threats. The objective of the report is to acquire a brief idea about different security threats that exist in internet and how these threats can be dealt with. History of Internet Security Threats The idea of internet has started as a project sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of US Department of Defence in the year 1969. The key intention of the project was to develop a network which can operate even if main segments of communication netwo rk crash. Thus, ARPANET was designed in order to redirect the network traffic spontaneously around the problems in linking systems. The protocols of ARPANET were mainly intended for openness and flexibility of information, rather than for information security. Thus, every person needed to be an unrestricted insider of the network so that information can be shared easily. As more computer systems (which are also known as sites in present day’s phraseology) linked in the ARPANET, the worth of this network has increased (Dekker, 1997). At that time, researchers played practical fun on each other by using ARPANET which involved joke mails, annoying posts and other minor security breaches. During that period, connection from any remote system was not considered as a security threat, because ARPANET users comprised a small group of people who were generally familiar to each other and also had faith on each other. Since the popularity of ARPANET increased, its users also augmented. In the year 1986, the first exposed security threat in ARPANET occurred in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of California where an unidentified system had attempted to copy information from the computer system. This incidence raised concerns about the damaging characteristics of ARPANET (Dekker, 1997). In the year 1988, ARPANET had first faced mechanical security incident namely ‘Morris Worm’, where a student of Cornell University developed a program which can connect with another system and can copy itself in the system. This self copying mechanical attack caused symmetrical eruption of copies at computers that were connected with ARPANET. At that time, ARPANET had almost 88,000 users who reflected it as the prime way of communication. In reaction to the worm, several users had detached themselves from the ARPANET, further hindering the communication procedure. Several organisations have emerged after these security occurrences in order to deal with the online att acks and instruct the ARPANET users regarding potential security threats and also certain preventive activities (Dekker, 1997). In the year 1989, ARPANET was officially termed as Internet and shifted from a government research project

Smart Phones by Conch Republic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smart Phones by Conch Republic - Case Study Example Currently the company has its smart phone model in the market which has already earned company a good chunk of revenues. However, with the passage of time, Conch Republic keeps on investing more money in its research and development activities so that its major products continue to exist in the market without getting obsolete. As a result, the company has developed a new model of the existing smart phone which has different new features but the most popular one is that of Wi-Fi tethering. The company has planned to terminate the production of the existing smart phones in next two years, but have made the financial viability of the introduction of new smart phones. The proposed smart phones are estimated to have the useful life of around five years. The company has already incurred around $750,000 and $200,000 on the development of the prototype and the marketing campaign of the new smart phones respectively. However, both of these costs are not included in the investment appraisal co mputation of the new smart phones because they are assumed to be the sunk cost. Sunk costs are those which do not matter whether a certain project is either accepted or rejected, in this way, these two costs would have no impact upon the decision to accept or reject the new smart phone. ... Therefore, in the computation of net cash flows, the impact of loss of contribution in the existing smart phone model due to introduction of new smart phones, are also included and they are considered as a cash outflows. Assumptions All the amounts included in the computation are US Dollars ($). Taxes are assumed to be paid to the authorities in the year in which the tax liability of Conch Republic arises. Impact of inflation is ignored. Discount factor for Conch Republic is estimated to be 12%. Depreciation rates are assumed to 5-years MACRS. Conch Republic is assumed to pay tax at the rate of 35%. Investment Appraisal The project of introduction of new smart phones by Conch Republic has been mainly appraised with the help of traditional investment appraisal techniques which are Discounted Payback Period, Profitability Index, Internal Rate of Return and lastly but the most famous one, Net Present Value. The most important factor which is common in all the above mentioned techniques is the use of discounted cash flows so that the impact of time value of money can managed appropriately (Brigham et al, 2008). The main stream presentation of the computation of the overall investment appraisal of the new smart phones is attached at the end of this discussion along with workings of changes in working capital and loss of contribution of the existing smart phones due to launch of new smart phones. 1. Discounted Payback Period (PBP) Discounted Payback Period mainly depicts the duration in which the initial investment of any project is likely to be recovered (Eckbo, 2008). For the proposed new smart phones, the discounted payback period is found to be 3.94 years which means that in around 3.94 years, there is likelihood that the initial investment of $38.5 million is

The Edo Period Of Japan

The Edo Period Of Japan The Edo period, also known as the Tokugawa period-taken from the name of the ruling Tokugawa family-was a long period of peace and order that lasted for about 250 years. This was a remarkable feat considering the fact that this period was preceded by devastating ordeals. The sengoku jidai (the age of country at war) was the Warring States Period of Japan during which numerous rival daimyos with their individual armies fought each other to gain greater jurisdiction of control over Japan, which was divided into about 260 countries. The term, Warring State Period was borrowed, among many other things, from the Chinese. But though the name was appropriate in describing the chaotic feudal warfare, it was more of a war (power struggle) among warlords. Regardless of the kind of war fought, the war took a toll on the cities and the Japanese people. The cost for the individual daimyo was tremendous, and a century of conflict would so weaken the bulk of Japanese warlords, that the three great figures of Japanese unification, beginning with Oda Nobunaga, would find it easier to militarily assert a single, unified military government.(Washington State University. n.d.) A rigid political and social structure was one of the determining factors for the long-lasting peace under the Edo period. Under the leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the government transitioned from being a decentralized feudal government to a military government in the form of the bakufu. This centralized feudalism also maintained a controlled environment among the daimyos whose rivalry greatly contributed to the Chaos of the recently concluded Warring States Period. The key policies of the Tokugawa System were manipulating daimyo, managing the imperial court, controlling foreign relations, and sacralizing the Tokugawa legacy. (N.A. 1990) According to Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu made an extra effort to control the daimyos and minimize them in number. The adoption of the buke sho-hatto (laws pertaining to the military houses) restricted the daimyos tremendously-from the way they had to repair their castles to requiring their wive s and children to stay in Edo. A similar set of laws was placed on court nobles and it was called kinchu narabi ni kuge sho-hatto. Military authorities were in charge of keeping the court nobles in line and assured obedience through the punishment of exile in case of non-compliance. This control over the imperial court consequently assigned the emperor with a more scholarly (rather than military) and representative role. With regards to foreign policy, Ieyasus ban on Christianity was said to have sparked the seclusion of Japan (sakoku) from the rest of the world. Speculations indicate that this policy was implemented to create a monopoly on foreign trade and information from abroad because in exchange for exclusive trade with Japan, the Dutch and Chinese gave annual reports about the outside world The negativity toward Christianity began with Ieyasus fear of the increasing numbers of Christians revolting against him. This effort to eliminate Christianity left a path of death and des truction; these Christians worshipped Christ and placed him above the shogun, which apparently threatened and angered Ieyasu, who wanted the people to worship him instead. This led to a general fear of contamination from Western (or non-Japanese) cultures and ideologies and the eventual closing of Japans doors to the world. Though it had its own share of drawbacks, this cultural isolation, coupled with steady economic development from unparalleled agricultural productivity, led to the peace and eventual development of Japan as a unified country and served as a foundation for a rich distinct Japanese culture. The society was organized by means of a hierarchy in which movement in class was very difficult if not totally impossible. This rigidity was said to primarily be a strategy employed by shoguns to ensure their stay in power and the continuous benefits that came with it. Samurais comprised the highest class in society, followed by the peasants, then the artisans, then finally, merchants. This structure was strongly influenced by Confucian beliefs, much like many other aspects of Japanese culture, which borrowed heavily from that of the Chinese. The warrior class was headed by the Shogun, beneath him were the local feudal lords (daimyo) who were responsible for certain pieces of land. Each daimyo had a number of samurais who served as guards, advisers, and members of the private army. Some samurais carried on without the support and assistance of a master. These masterless samurai (ronin) became teachers, wanderers, or warriors for hire. Peasants provided the primary nourishment of the Japanese people and that earned them considerably high ranking. Differentiating artisans and merchants was a very tricky matter though; more often than not, their occupations overlapped. But despite this confusion, sword makers held a privileged position in society for their vital contribution to the samurais. The reason behind the subordination of merchants springs from the Confucian emphasis on not enriching ones self in the expense of others-which is why the merchants practice of making a living out of others hard work (craftsmen) was looked down upon. Entertainers, priests, and certain other people were not part of the class system. This detachment had its share of advantages and disadvantages. Freedom was the main benefit since the system was very limiting and strict. On the other hand, excluded from the protection of the system. Outcastes (eta) included people whose livelihoods were associated with death-leather tanners, animal carcass disposers etc-and people who were banished by their villages. The former were shunned by the rest of the Japanese community because strong Buddhist influences gave high respect to all living things. The latter were alienated for obvious reasons and will be described in greater detail later. In conclusion, it is evident that the government had a very militaristic way of structuring things. The power of the military as a means of intimidation and instilling fear among the people is a testament to this. Given the militaristic nature of the Edo period, criminal punishment was something ultimately utilized to discourage the people from committing any crimes or offenses, great or small. Their government structure gave power to the village-level administration with regards to dealing with majority of the crimes committed by individuals belonging to their corresponding areas of responsibility-leaving only especially serious crimes to be dealt with by the higher bakufu. Serious crimes included everything from theft to gambling and manslaughter. Aside from the crime committed, ones class or position in society was also a determining factor with regards to how he was sanctioned. Though regardless of class, the mode of punishment in the Edo period was harsh more often than not. Criminal Justice during the Edo Period Capital punishment was something only the bakufu could impose on the gravest of offenders; death penalties were in the form of beheading. On a local level, kyuri or banishment was the most serious punishment the village governments could impose. The legal system in their time affirmed the fact that a single persons wrongdoings could lead to the torment of his entire village. This substantiates the significance of banishment in a sense that the offenders village mates-who are presumably directly uninvolved in the criminal act-are absolved from any vicarious liability they may have incurred. Through the consent of the offenders parents, the village officials and a bakufu representative, the offenders name was literally erased from the population rosters. The banished (mushuku) were often marked with tattoos; non-samurais were commonly subject to Tokoro-barai, which meant that he was to be banished to a certain place and samurais were usually assigned to the post of Kofu in the mountain s west of Edo. Murahachibu (Ostracism) literally translates to eight parts out of ten. This pertained to the disqualification of an offender from receiving any assistance from his community in eight of the ten traditional facets of community life. These eight parts include: births, coming of age ceremonies, weddings, sicknesses, memorial services, travel, floods, and building and repairs. The only two facets in which they were allowed assistance were help in case of a fire and in preparation for funeral. This loss of residence or homelessness would degrade the banished and his family to an outcaste (hinin) status in a process known as hinin teka. Unfortunately, this descent in status was not confined to the person or generation that first occasioned the original ostracism, but extended in perpetuity. Unofficial ostracism, on the other hand, occurred when the individual was removed from the village through a votation (irefuda) without sufficient evidence (or any evidence at all for t hat matter). In such cases, the individual is merely asked to leave the village, while still remaining in the population roster. Irefuda was the votation of the village people to identify a particular offender, which they believe is responsible for whatever recurring crime they may be experiencing. Honesty and participation was key in this activity to the extent that villagers would make oaths before the gods and drink holy water to keep their words pure and those who dont vote are punished along with the guilty and his supporters. Another rather odd part of the Tokugawa law was the idea of rakushogisho, which means, dropped oaths before gods. Here, an anonymous paper with an accusation is dropped in front of the shrine and whoever picks this paper up first is obliged to implement it because this is seen as a sign from the gods themselves. For a crime such as theft, men could be punished with banishment and additional physical mutilation (cutting off ones nose and or ears) would arise depending on the severity of the theft. Women were forced to walk through the village naked, which was a punishment they deemed as even worse than physical mutilation. Mandatory community service(labor camps, gold mining, slavery), ostracism, distinct clothing, and the payment of festival expenses were other possible sanctions as well. One must note that the concealment of theft was a crime as severe as the theft itself-which means that the victim is treated the same way as the offender and is equally punished. Flagellation was another means of penalty for theft (and fighting). It was usually reserved for commoners of both sexes and knights and priests were exempted from it. This practice of stripping the offender to his underwear and striking his back and buttocks for, at most, 100 times, was eventually replaced by ear/nose cutting in th e early Edo period. Punishment for murder was dependent on the manner in which it was executed, ones involvement in the aforementioned crime, and the status of the person murdered. Accomplices to murder, execution of contractual murder, and the murder of inferiors were punishable by banishment. Premeditated, self-enriching, delivering the initial blow (even if it is not the fatal blow) and the masterminding of murder on the other hand were punishable by the death penalty. Through the bakufus discretion, additional additions such as gibbeting (hanging), crucifixion (for murder of a parent/husband), confiscation of property, or ones corpse being the sword practice dummy for a local samurai could be incorporated into ones sentence. Other variations of the death penalty include boiling, burning for those guilty of arson, decapitation, sawing, and cutting the accused in half. This was usually preceded by the parading of the accused around town, and then concluded with the public display of the severed head or body part/s. Torture was an accepted means of obtaining a confession, although a confession was a requisite for the death penalty and the central focus of a trial, it was not something that could be done on a whim (required approval of several levels of authority) and therefore, was hardly ever performed. Even in punishment, ones class is still taken into consideration; special distinction is especially given to samurais. The beheading of a samurai was called zanzai, whereas it is called shizai when done to a commoner. Seppuku, suicide by disembowelment, is also a special option reserved only for the warrior class. It is considered as a better alternative because if one performs seppuku, he dies with his honor intact. The Legal and Judicial System Japans modern legal and judicial systems trace their roots back to 1232 when the Kamakura shogunate (1185-1333) created uniform guidelines the Goseibai Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications) for its samurai, or warrior vassals. Drawn from the laws and procedures of such other older institutions as the imperial and provincial governments, private estates and religious orders, the bukeho (warrior house law) was not a legal code in the modern sense but, rather, a compilation of the most common and important court disputes settled by the shogunate. The Goseibai Shikimoku provided the foundation of Japans legal system for the next 400 years. The legal system of Japan evolved when it was unified by the Tokugawa shogunate . Iyesu Tokugawa strengthened the centralization of militaristic and economic power on the shogunates hands, but also replaced the laws issued by regional warlords with standard codes. Two important laws were made during this time, the 13-article Buke Shohatto(Laws for Military Houses) and the Kinchu Narabi ni Kuge Shohatto (Laws Governing the Imperial Court and Nobility). The final contribution of the Tokugawa or Edo period was the 742 Kujikata Osadamegaki (Official Provisions). For the first time a set of rules was made for the commoners and lesser samurais and not for those in the elite class. This had two parts. One was the administrative procedures and civil rules composed of 81 articles. The second, which composed the bulk is on criminal laws and penalties which is made up of 103 articles. This was the first time that the commoners who were under the shogun had to answer to a codified set of laws. Japanese Values behind the System The Japanese valued social responsibility and obligation very much. This can be translated as giri. Giri implies that people should behave according to what society dictates of you. The Japanese see this as very important that is why anyone who deviates from the law or from the expectations of society is punished for it. There is also a strong sense of community seen in the valuing of human relations and empathy because even those that are not the criminals are subject to be punished if they do not report the offender. More people will get hurt as crimes increase especially in the villages where there is voting on who the culprit is. If you want it to stop, then community as a whole must stop because everyone is affected. Confessing immediately is best rather than getting tortured to admit the fault or whose fault it is. Ninjo which is they psychological factor refers to a persons feelings and reactions which may or may not be in line with the giri. If one experiences conflict with t hese interests, one may suppress his feelings, close his eyes from all of these or worst case scenario, commit suicide. Samurais are known to do the last because of the common practice of seppuku. If a samurai does not reach the expectations society has for him he feels the need to kill himself for losing his honor. Here we see another important Japanese value, honor. The Japanese highly value this that some of the punishments just mainly strip away ones honor and dignity. Women parading naked, being proclaimed a criminal and many more are just some of the ways that the old penal system has stripped away the honor of many individuals. Loyalty and obedience not only to ones master, but society as a whole is also very important. Those who disobey may be executed or be tortured just for not following the law. Harmony and order is so important for them that they would do anything to maintain this. Even today these values are still practised in society. Honor for the Japanese is just as important before as it is today. One example would be how students study so hard to get into a good university that failing leads to a lot of suicides in Japan. By not passing one has not only disgraced his name, but more importantly, disgraced his family. This is why they would prefer death, similar to how the samurais would think. Japanese highly value social obligation that your responsibility to the community is far greater than to a transcendent god. From the past, Japan has relied on social rather than supernatural sanctions and they have always emphasized the benefits of having a harmonious society. They are also very disciplined people today and there is more often than not, fear of authority. The hierarchies present before are still present now. There are still people who have a higher status than you such as your parents. Loyalty and obedience has always been emphasized before and just like now any disloyal act against your parents is frowned up by society. Here the strong influence of Confucianism is seen and by following ones roles, order can finally be obtained. Although punishment today may not be as harsh before, the Japanese have kept these in their minds and have worked very hard to keep the order in their society which has made them one of the strongest and most influential countries today. From past to present: The Yakuza The militaristic nature of Edo period in Japan gave importance towards the use of physical might as well as more strict control over the people. The context during that time forced people to resort to more dire measures for survival and people were under pressure on a daily basis. Some people conformed to the harsh settings but others sought escape and lived defiantly, away from society. This strict way of living entailed the first beginnings of the formation of various groups that eventually led to a more famously known group in Japan: yakuza. Currently, yakuza are more popularly known as an organized crime syndicate in Japan, similar to the Mafia. They are known to be an extremely large and influential group in Japanese politics as well as business; having direct or hidden control over several businesses and political figures. The yakuza are infamous for their ruthlessness and for being forceful in their dealings with people, Japanese or foreign. The pop culture depiction of yakuza members varies from tattooed hoodlums and thugs to the high class suit-and-tie figure. They are infamous for their activities that range from political activities and assassinations to protection rackets and shady business dealings including drugs, weaponry, gambling, smuggling, etc. These income generating activities are generally called shinogi. Admirably, the yakuza are also famous for having a strong sense of honor and loyalty amongst themselves. They strictly follow a structure similar to that of a family, even referring to their superiors as oyabun or father and the followers as kobun or child. This structure allows the yakuza to have a systematic way of carrying out their work and helps in creating loyalty to the family. The early origins of the Yakuza during the Edo-period can be traced back to the emergence of two groups. First we have the kabukimono (crazy ones) which include people that are peculiarly dressed, have odd hairstyles and have volatile, violent behavior. Kabukimono groups usually consist of unemployed samurais or ronins that have resorted to violence, banditry and other vigilante acts instead of enlisting in other jobs. Another name for the members of this group is the hatamato-yakko, which means servants of the shogun, referring more to their previous affiliation with the shogun than their more recent deviant nature. Their constant harassment of local towns forced the townsfolk to find protection of their own, as the daimyos were less concerned over the common town and townsfolk. This led to the rise of the other group so called machi-yakko, also came to be known as servants of the town or local town heroes. These machi-yakko comprised of local people who have banded together to repe l the assaults of the invading bandits. The members of the machi-yakko were usually weaker than the kabukimono, seeing as they were usually untrained individuals. A remarkable aspect of both groups that is still associated with yakuza is the developed sense of family trust and loyalty among the members. The more common notion of most people would be to identify yakuza gangsters to have come from the line of the kabukimono or hatamato-yakko. However, from the yakuzas point of view, their claim is that they are descendants from the machi-yakko faction. We can note that the yakuza seem to have taken characteristics from both of these groups. However, it is unclear and erroneous to directly link the modern yakuza to any of the two groups. A second, but not entirely exclusive explanation as to the formation of the yakuza is that the yakuza derive from the two classes of tekiya (peddlers) and bakuto (gamblers). Basically, the tekiya is a group comprised of small-time peddlers that banded together. Although in the Edo period, they were considered to be of low social standing, their organized mass activities eventually gained them influence on commercial dealings and administrative duties. Tekiyas business activities were considered legal at the time and were eventually allowed by the Edo government for their oyabun (leaders) to have surnames and to carry swords, which was previously only available for samurais and nobles. Bakuto, or gamblers, were considered lower than tekiya, primarily because gambling was frowned upon and considered illegal. Gambling houses were present in more or less deserted areas in town, or on the outskirts and were looked down upon. Bakuto also dealt in loan sharking businesses and held their own security force. The bakutos way of doing business is what is more commonly associated for the negative image of the yakuza today. In fact, the term yakuza is said to have originated from a card game. Ya-ku-sa or the most useless hand in the game, caught on as a term to refer to the bakuto, seen as derogatory to society. It is also from bakuto that the infamous yakuza tattoos originated from, as the members of this group usually had on their bodies. To the yakuza, tattoos were a symbol for toughness and most yakuza had majority of their bodies tattooed. It is from the history of the tekiya as well as the bakuto groups that we can see how the structure of the yakuza began to form. Knowing the backgrounds of the tekiya, bakuto and kabukimono, we can see how the yakuza are also known to allow misfits and rejects of society into their organization. It is also from the four previously mentioned groups that we see the early stages of the kinds of transactions and dealings that the yakuza do. Basically, we can see how and why the yakuza are said to have origins from all of these different groups. The yakuza evolved into a larger, more organized and structured group after the Meiji Restoration period, which ushered in a more formal political format as well as military might. The yakuza also made motions to modernize their organization but they still held on to their former activities: businesses and gambling rings. They expanded recruitment and began to take interest in and dealt in politics. The yakuza were also vital during the American occupation years in Japan. During the occupation years, Japan was in a sunken economic state and the black market emerged as a more viable option for the people to survive. The yakuza, especially the tekiya group, took advantage of the black market. They proved to be an extreme difficulty for the Americans in controlling Japan. Eventually, another cluster of yakuza, called the gurentai emerged, who also dealt in the black market. The gurentai group is what is more closely associated to the organized and violent side of the yakuza (similar to the Italian Mob in America), portraying the more stereotypical gangster image. After the war, the yakuza continued its black market transactions and started to use more direct violence, which resulted in the group entitled boryokudan (violence gang). Post-war Japan started improving economically and dependency on the black market declined. As such, the yakuza continued to adapt and were able to prosper. The yakuza began to grow in number, but the yakuza also began to fragment into regional sub-organizations. Much of the post-war regaining of strength for the yakuza are attributed to Yoshio Kodama, an extremely wise and powerful man who worked his way through industry and politics to empower the different yakuza groups. The many opportunities in the market also bred competition amongst the yakuza subgroups. The existence of different yakuza gangs led to gang wars and has troubled both the yakuza structure as a whole and the law enforcement. There was a spike in the number rate of boryokudan arrests, which consisted of a lot of physical violence against other groups. These subgroups are usually headed by a single family. An example is one of the most famous and powerful yakuza clans to have existed: the Yamaguchi-gumi. This particu lar group is said to have been able to dominate a good majority of its territories. One particular head of this clan was Kazuo Taoka, known to be one of the most, if not the most effective leader of this clan. During his period as the kumicho (family boss), he was able to empower the Yamaguchi-gumi clan into one of the most powerful clans in his time. In the latter part of the 20th century, Japanese government has worked towards the stoppage of the violent and criminal acts performed by the yakuza. More specifically, they have even passed a law against the boryokudan; this law is called the Botaiho (passed in May 1991). Despite this, the yakuza are still at large in many other aspects and are usually conducting their work within the law. Their influence on business and politics is still significant but clandestine to most. Again, the modern day yakuza has evolved and has been able to adapt to the current context of the world today, and not just in Japan. In the end, the yakuza has always had an influential role on the lives and culture of the Japanese, even if their actions were never stated explicitly in the history books. Their early existence began during the Edo period and throughout Japanese history, they have evolved into what they are today: a formidable force in everyday Japanese life.

Watsons Theory of Caring Essay -- Nursing

Watson’s Theory of Nursing We live in a fast moving environment with longer tiring days. When we are ill we go to the doctor’s office or emergency room and expect fast and reliable service. Data is collected that is measuring satisfaction from the service and, of course that data helps to improve the service. Companies keep track of statistics, like income, housing, children, and cars. I also like numbers and statistics, and like the idea that everything can be measured and have a number associated with it. However, I am wondering if everything can be quantified. Can we reliably measure happiness, love, and care of one person for another? Attempts are made to quantify happiness in some countries, Bhutan and Great Britain, to name a few. Consider health care, we are counting admissions, discharges, hospital-days, and patient satisfaction scores, but this statistic does not reflect how a patient feels. How often was the patient scared, depressed and lonely in his statistical hospital room somewhere betwe en his admission and discharge? Did anyone care about this person? Watson's theory of caring concentrates on human aspect of nursing and gives nurses opportunity to connect and to care for patients. Background of Watson’s Theory of Caring Watson admits that her original intent was not to create a theory; she was only trying to solve some conceptual and empirical problems with nursing education, practice, and research. Her 1979 book, Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, was, in fact, an essay on nursing (Watson, 1999). Over 30 years, from 1979 to 2008, Watson develops and finalizes her Theory of Caring. She starts with her textbook for an integrated nursing curriculum at the University of Colorado. The theory starts wi... ...e. Easier, of course, to perform assigned task, but we know that in human interaction and especially in health care many more factors affect the outcome but not just well performed task. Watson’s theory gives a special attention and concentrates on the humanistic aspect of nursing. Works Cited Alligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2006). Nursing theory: Utilization & application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Cross, P. (1981). Adults as learners . Washington, DC : Jossey-Bass, a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons . Watson, J. (1988). Nursing: Human science and human care. New York: National League for Nursing. Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human science and human care: A theory of nursing. Sudbury, MA: NLN Press, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Watson, J. (2008). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.

History and Philosophy Essay

The Federalist is the greatest contribution ever made on the Constitution of United States. According to Chief Justice John Marshall in the case Cohen’s v. Virginia (1821) ‘The Federalist is a complete commentary on our Constitution. ’ Since 1790 lawyers, politicians, students and even judges have all studied The Federalist to know more about the Constitutional issues. In United States the ideas of The Federalist are at the heart of the civic culture. Work on The federalist papers was started in 1787 and finished in 1788. It was written to contradict the arguments of the Anti-federalist against the ratification of the U. S Constitution in 1787. This work was originated by Alexander Hamilton who wrote 51 essays of this literature. Another author was James Madison who wrote 26 essays and the remaining were written jointly by the two and by John Jay. Overall, The Federalist comprises of 85 essays written by three authors who wanted to persuade the voters to support them in ratifying the proposed constitution of U. S. In their papers these three people outlined how this new government will operate and what type of government is best for United States. These papers were written and published under the name Publius. Although Hamilton, Madison and Jay had different and at times conflicting ideas about the government they did agree on some important points like, republicanism, federalism, separation of powers, and free government. According to them Republicanism is based on the ‘consent of the governed’ because power is divided between few people who are elected by the public to be on the top. Federalism is power divided between federal government and state government. They are two different powers at different levels and can make decisions separately and directly. â€Å"State governments can neither ignore nor contradict federal statutes that conform to the supreme law, the Constitution. This conception of federalism departed from traditional forms, known today as confederations, in which states retained full sovereignty over their internal affairs† In The Federalist Paper No. 47 Separation of Powers is mentioned as, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands†¦ may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny†. Free government was another aspect which was agreed by all three authors of The Federalist. Free government is made up of the remaining three points that have been discussed above, republicanism, federalism, and separation of powers. According to the Federalist, the popular government is the free government, in which, security, property, and liberty of people are guarded by the government. This type of government is so strong that it can protect against the internal and external threats, yet it is sufficiently narrow to prevent tyranny. It can be said that free government was designed in such a manner that it could prevent against the cruelty, of the dictators, to the public. The Federalist Papers served a dual purpose. Where it outlined the requirement for a strong central government, emphasized the weakness of Articles of Confederation, and portrayed the power of the proposed Constitution, at the same time, the paper alleviated doubts about the new federal government becoming too powerful. The authors argued that that the Confederation government was too weak and the new proposed Constitution will never be too strong. The federalist had two main objectives. First, was to convince the people of New York to ratify the Constitution and the second objective was to convince the people of all 13 states to endorse the constitution. A major concern for the authors of the Federalist was federal taxation, which is obvious in their assessment of the Articles and Constitution’s justification. â€Å"At various points, they expounded on the efficacy and fairness of consumption taxes, specifically customs duties. They insisted, however, that the federal government be granted unlimited taxing powers, including the authority to assess domestic excise taxes. Debates over â€Å"direct† vs. â€Å"indirect† taxation received considerable attention, as did the constitutional requirement for tax uniformity† . Nine of the Federalist papers discuss federal taxes and federal revenue topics. Classical Influences in Federalist Papers-Madison James Madison was the fourth President of the United States and was honored with the title of ‘Father of the American Constitution. ’ Madison is the epitome of intellectual forces, which came together in American politics by the end of the eighteenth century. Bernard Bailyn has hypothesized that the classics in colonial America was ‘illustrative, not determinative of thought. ’ To defy this notion and explain Madison’s ability to perform the role of an architect of a system that successfully integrated political and philosophical views, an assessment of Madison’s life and education will be important. A complex synthesis of classical, modern, philosophical, and rational thought has been revealed by the foundation of the American Republic, as well as, the impact of classical antiquity that was considered thoughtfully. In this regard, a combined political wisdom of thousands of years of human experience was reflected by the implementation of the abovementioned complex synthesis for the formation of a system of government. Simplistic theories of interpretation have been defied by a degree of reflection and contemplation that completed that republican government, which is accounted as one of the most purposefully design by the history of mankind. In two years, after the completion of his first year’s exams, the degree was finished by the Madison in English, Greek, mathematics, and Latin. During this time, Reverend John Witherspoon considered Madison as one of his favorite students, and it was an honor as the Reverend was the president of the college. Employing a syllabus that was classical and Christian Witherspoon taught Madison moral philosophies which greatly affected him for the rest of his life. Tangible manifestation in the Federalist Papers was found by the ability of Madison regarding the classical, as well as, modern political philosophy, which was often referred as quasi-Calvinist cognizance. Wherein the plan for a fractured government was described and advocated by Madison. In addition, any individual person or entity sought precluding of usurpation of the power of governance. This theological system of belief also reveals itself in an existing political philosophy. As per the political thinking of the Calvinist, the grace of God is responsible for all the authority. In this regard, due rights are received by both authority and liberty, when the relation between the citizens and rulers is standardized unbridled authority on the part of rulers lead to despotism, autocracy, and tyranny; unbridled liberty on the part of citizens generates into license, revolution, and anarchy. License, anarchy, and revolution have been generated by the unbridled liberty on the part of the citizens. Stewards from the God are found in the rulers, as proper constitution is formed in the government according to the principles of Calvinism. For God’s sake, the highest motives are considered for the obeying of the rulers by the citizens. An example for the understanding of development of the political, classical, and philosophical amalgamation for the debates that were performed during the formation of the American Constitution was presented by a strong proponent of the classics, Calvinist, and the Scottish Enlightenment Witherspoon. The diverse approach of Witherspoon to education provides an important explanation for understanding Madison’s talent of successfully merging classical and modern political theory into a feasible plan for a secure democratic state. In other words, an extensive intellectual focus was maintained by Witherspoon, by which, discordant philosophical, as well as, theological concepts were blended into an educational program effectively and coherently. When Madison came into politics his instant tasks were clear, first he wanted to put up a proposal for a democratic republican government acceptable to the representative body at the Constitutional Convention, and second, to assure the ratification of the proposed Constitution. From an extensive view point, Madison wanted to produce a classic dissertation on the American system of government, which would enlighten future generations about democratic republicanism. Madison was able to attain both of these goals through one channel and that was The Federalist Papers. This information helps in understanding how extensive knowledge of the classics was acknowledged by Madison and the other two authors. In Federalist no. 14 Madison presents a question, which can function as a good outline of his approach concerning the issue of the significance of the classics to the American people: It has been the glory of American people, as a blind veneration for antiquity, custom, knowledge, experience’s lessons, and objections of their senses has not been suffered by them, as the opinions of former times, as well as, other nations have been paid with a decent regard by these people. The Federalist has considered this thinking approach an obvious thing, since ancients have been referenced frequently by Madison, and their strengths and weaknesses have been borne in mind. When Thomas Jefferson sent the published texts of Polybius from France, the issues of the proposed government were considered by Madison, while positive and negative examples were considered and utilized from the ancient sources by him. Therefore Madison opposes the objections of people who mention the example of Ancient Greece as a sign of un-workability of a permanent republic. He argues that Greece was a democratic system that was often confused with a republic; Madison distinguishes between the two by mentioning that a democracy requires the people to be in assembly in order to carry out the business of the state, whereas a republic requires only the assembly of legislative body to work effectively. Hence he includes both democratic and republican doctrines in his government blueprint. The importance of the classics in the American Republic origin was demonstrated by the evaluation of specific sections comprising of papers of the Federalist, and specifically, the Madison. In addition, classical antiquity’s major references were also included in these sections as mentioned before, Madison frequently opted for classical tradition method to convey his political message, yet Madison often referred to antiquity as a negative prototype for a political culture. One area in which Montesquieu’s political philosophy complements Madison’s tactic is the issue of religion. After historical bigotry of the religion was criticized, and trade was meddled with it, it was commented by him that when the established religion satisfied the state, the establishment of another religion is not allowed. In this regard, establishment of any state religion was banned by the framers of the Constitution. Few smart and wise individuals should be communicated with the important political truths for their wise implementation, which was provided by the writings of the political philosopher, as the relationship between the political community and philosophy was considered as volatile. At the same time, harmful truths were concealed from these individuals by these writings as well. This concept was well aware by the student of Montesquieu, Madison. In the result, the classical and modern political philosophy was concealed by the furthering of his project. In this sense, the role of a crucial link in the chain of thoughts of the Romans and Greeks was played by the Madison, who was served by the Montesquieu. Classics are where Madison’s popular audience was at a majority and this is one fact that he used to his benefit in writing The Federalist Papers. In addition, major references to classical antiquity were contained in six out of eighty-five of the Federalist Papers. Passing references and explicit references regarding the specific indebtedness with a clear sign were contained in the twenty-three Federalist Papers. If these facts are considered, the link between classical antiquity and the origins of the American Republic appears to ignore a serious question. Mark Diamond states that the most immediate kind of political work was the Federalist, which was a piece of campaign propaganda. In addition, a view to the permanence of its argument was also provided to thoughtful men. The widest electorate was at once addressed by it, but able and educated men were also considered, by whom, the fate of the Constitution could be determined. Short-term objective was accomplished by the Federalist, in which, public opinion had to be influence with the relation of political system of the United States. Federalist As mentioned before, the people of New York were persuaded by the publishing of the Federalist for the ratification of the Constitution. It also made an attempt to elucidate different provisions of the Constitution and to enlighten the people by giving reasons, as to why other provisions like bill of rights had been excluded. It was argued by the Publius that an exceptional opportunity of reason and choice had by the Americans for the creation of own type of government. In contrast, earlier constitutions were determined by the chance of force. Publius argued that the Constitution shaped a republican style of government which was effective and sound in nature, but yet was controlled by checks and balances Advocates of the American Constitution obtained a strategic advantage over those who opposed it by taking up the name Federalist for themselves and by identifying the adversaries Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported state rule and disagreed with a central national government. By holding the title Federalist, Hamilton and other authors got an additional advantage for their position and got around an extreme conflict over the issue of state versus national power. They emerged as advocates of states’ rights and this idea was clearly explained in The Federalist Papers, yet they were also evidently advocating for a strong national government. The essays were signed â€Å"Publius† after Publius Valerius who was the state builder and who rebuild the Roman republic following the removing from power Rome’s last king called Tarquin. Plutarch measured Publius favorably against Solon who was Greece’s law giver. And at that instant a modern Publius would have helped erect the new American republic. By opting for a name like Publius, the authors of the Federalist were following a practice which was common among the eighteenth-century writers. The writers used to publish a combined work under a fictitious name instead of a byline. If Hamilton, Madison, and Jay had revealed their identity in The Federalist Papers then they would have been known as advocates of specific positions instead of being recognized by their arguments, and also this would have become a part of the argument over the Constitution. Further more; choosing secrecy was also because of the enmity between Hamilton and George Clinton the New York Governor. Interestingly Hamilton was the single New York ambassador who signed the Constitution. On the contrary, Clinton was an Anti-Federalist who was heading a state where people opposing the new Constitution were in majority. Therefore, opting for Publius was somewhat an effort to shift the discussion away from the personal bitterness between Hamilton and Clinton. As the need of unification has been signified, and the Articles of Confederation had arrears, it was explained by the Publius that a strong republican government was shaped by the Constitution, yet checks and balances controlled it. This type of government, which was strong and had checks, would maintain freedom and assets, and bring back respect for America overseas. Although an un-amended Constitution was opposed by two thirds of the nominated representatives at the New York conventions, the provision of other political writers was done by the Publius. At the same time as replying to explicit Anti-federalist arguments, The Federalist presented an integrated theory of the philosophies upon which the new Constitution was based. History, experience, and reason were the bases of this philosophical foundation, and the long existence of the republican government was verified by this foundation in relation with the examples of failed governments in the past, which were unable to survive. Countering the belief, which is often ascribed to Montesquieu, that republics could stay alive only in small areas taken by identical inhabitants, Madison in The Federalist no. 10 argued that republics could flourish best in large areas where different groups constantly competed with each other. During the constant struggles of these groups the independence of both majorities and minorities would be preserved. This republic would provide better leadership by expanding the group of qualified persons from which delegates would be selected. The Federalist no. 10 by Madison, as mentioned before, was very influential in U. S. political history and philosophy. The separation of the three branches of the federal government had to be done, as the role of a check upon the other was played by each branch in the government Although these three branches were not completely separate the practicality of each division was assured by assigning it enough power to protect itself against the actions of the other division. Furthermore, if any branch exceeded its role as defined in the Constitution then the other branches could proceed by checking on the misuse of power. Moreover, it was also stated by the Publius that freedom was protected by the new Constitution by the provision of power to the central, as well as, state governments. Specific areas of power and simultaneous powers were determined by this new federalism. It was mentioned by the Publius that a central government with restricted powers was created by the Constitution. In this regard, identification of the Congress’s, as well as, President’s powers was also done. The people and the states were left with all the remaining powers completely. If the legislative body dishonored their power and authority bestowed on them then the people could substitute them during the regular elections ensured by the Constitution. On the other hand, if the President or the judiciary breached the confidence of the people, Congress could prosecute them and if convicted Congress could remove them from their designation and from their office. The debate that was going on was based on vocabulary that is circling around the gist of the thoughts constitutive of republican dialogue. They are liberty, tyranny, virtue, corruption, representation, and even republic. It has been said before, along with rationalizations, that the new created American republic was the combined efforts of Federalists and Anti-federalists. A new political system was created not by ordains of a single lawmaker but instead was fought to bring it to life and was constructed jointly by having a powerful discussion between supporters of different political affiliations and theoretical standpoints. â€Å"The ratification debate produced an enormous outpouring of newspaper articles, pamphlets, sermons, and tracts, both for and against the new design. Of the former The Federalist is by far the most famous and certainly the most widely read in our day. The Anti-federalist case against the Constitution, by contrast, is today rarely read or even remembered. Once described (and dismissed) as mere nay-Sayers and men of little faith, the Anti-federalists are now more often regarded as the other founders. † Knowledge of this debate over the ratification of the Constitution illustrates that Publius was from time to time vanquished by its adversaries. The views supported by Publius occasionally differed from the point of view of Hamilton and Madison in the Constitutional Convention and a large portion of the Americans and the delegates did not consent with The Federalist. Nonetheless, from the beginning Americans have depended on The Federalist as being the most reliable source for understanding the objectives of the framers. The essays presented a number of arguments. The essays convincingly made the case for a strong unification of the states in Federalist number 1 to 14, highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation in Federalist number 15 to 22, argued about the benefits of a strong energetic central government in number 23 to 36, and mentioned the republican government’s capability to provide political steadiness as well as freedom in numbers 35 to 51. The essays following shortly after these scrutinized the roles of the three branches of government: the legislative numbers 52 to 66, the executive numbers 67 to 77, and the judicial numbers 78 to 83 along with the question of a bill of rights in Federalist number 84. The authors of the Federalist also reasoned the benefits of federalism. Furthermore, an impact on the United States law was done by the essays, which were written on the role of the federal judiciary for a long time now. Federalist essay number 78 consists of a vital defense of the belief of the judicial review that is the power which permits the U. S. Supreme Court to eliminate laws passed by Congress. In Federalist number 80 it is argued by Hamilton that it is important to establish system of federal courts, which are separate from state courts. The theories of the European philosophers of the Enlightenment have built the political philosophy of the Federalist. In addition, the Articles of Confederation, as well as, their experience by the United States, and historical examples have also been included. The treatise not only presented historical arguments and philosophical theories about the human nature and government, but also presented strong analysis of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. The general aim of the paper was to persuade the people that an energetic and strong centralized government would be more caring towards their freedom and independence. The philosophers’ thoughts were consideration of natural rights, and illustrated the kind of government best capable of protecting the rights of the people. They recognized that a person’s inclination towards self-protection, freedom, and selfishness would primarily come into conflict with the opposing needs of other people. Therefore, these philosophers maintained that the best type of government is one which balances the selfish needs of the human beings with the need of self-protection. The speculative thought that too much liberty can be terrible for an organized society was confirmed by the U. S government during the years of the Articles of Confederation. A shoddy amalgamation of independent states, as well as, the national government was provided by the articles. A specific legislative body was considered for the positioning of the articles. Affairs relating to the mutual defense were discussed and decided by the bestowed powers on this legislative body, which has been referred as the Congress. The creation of a strong central government has been fearfully taken like the Great Britain, a significant power with the state governments has been placed by the delegates, and national government has been restricted with the powers greatly. Lack of power for the enforcement of law, funds collection, trade regulation, and uniform judgment’s provision has been responsible for the hampering of the Congress. What is more, many intuitive leaders identified that the self-centeredness of the states would ultimately break the union and they also recognized that the Articles of Confederation presented no legal means to stop this collapse. States had clashes with each other over land, commerce regulations, and imposts against nearby states. States set up relations with foreign nations and declined to send tax money to Congress. The Virginia legislature called a delegate for the production of uniformity in trade, as well as, in the commerce. The meeting was meant for the discussion of uniform trade regulations with the interested delegates from the different states. In spite of the small presence of states at the Annapolis Convention, the meeting motivated states to hold another meeting for the explicit reason of modifying the Articles of Confederation. Sufficient power was not within a weak central government for the provision of security and protection of the civil liberties of individuals, as assumed by the delegates with the help of guidance from the Article of Confederation experience. Therefore, the delegates decided to entirely abolish the old system. The convention presented a new plan of government at the end of the summer of 1787, which was titled the U. S. Constitution. A strong central government was requested by this manuscript, in which all the other state governments will depend on this authoritative body and laws will be enforced, judged, and legislated by the bestowed powers to this body. The document was highly praised by the Federalists for the creation of energy in a centralized body. However, it was feared by the Anti-federalists that their rights and liberties would be infringed by the new plan. Strong and rational justifications were provided for each choice of the Constitution Convention by the Federalist papers. Citizens were also persuaded by the papers that greater protection could be provided by the government for the people, if the hands of people will be placed with less power. Although the concern about ratification of the U. S. Constitution in the New York state by Alexander Hamilton was originated with the document, ratification of the Constitution and its related essays were supported by the arguments of leaders in many states. Since the role of delegates to the Constitutional Convention was played by both Hamilton and Madison, the name Publius was used for all the published essays. As a large part for the constructing of document was done by the arguments, criticism as a subjective by these arguments was felt by them. Even after nine out of thirteen state approvals were received by the Constitution, two of the most powerful states, the New York and Virginia continued their struggle for the ratification. Technically, ratification of New York or Virginia did not have any effect on the Constitution. However the writing down the federalist essays was not a futile assignment, even though the Constitution turned out to be successful without New York’s support. While an effort was made by them for the persuasion of the American audience, an opportunity was received by them for being associated with the first federal republic. A distinctive political philosophy was conveyed successfully by the Publius. Practice was possible, and philosophical theories and historical examples instituted this philosophy. Moist importantly, the experience during the accomplishment of the balance between order and freedom was the bases of this philosophy. â€Å"The Federalist Papers reflect the end of an era in America, a chapter that began with the Mayflower Compact of 1620 and the various covenants, declarations, and state constitutions that followed, and culminated in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. During that period of more than a century and a half, American political thought was formulated and tried, and arguments were rehearsed and refined in press, pulpit, and legislative chamber, often to express opposition to the British crown, but also to give an expanding country a workable government. It was against such a background that The Federalist Papers emerged, combining the traits Robert A. Ferguson ascribes to the Constitution: generic strength, manipulative brilliance, cunning restraint, and practical eloquence. † The essays presented in The Federalists are fundamental and ground-breaking statements of sound rational political thought, which carefully progress ahead the essential thoughts mentioned by theorists Hume, Locke, and Montesquieu. Rather than radically deposing off the old theory and practice, the authors of the Constitution cautiously studied it and took its finest aspects and gave them a new meaning altogether. The essays of the Federalists had more life and were more strongly remembered than material written by Marx, Lenin, Mao, Castro, or Metternich. If there would have been no credible arguments against the proposed constitution then there would have been no need for the intense material of The Federalist. And, if there would have been no Federalist then understanding the Constitution would have been significantly reduced. The Constitution is a concise manuscript which is not suitable for an argument or for an explanation. The Federalist makes us understand the minds of the creators. Madison commented that The Federalist offers â€Å"the most authentic exposition of the text of the Federal Constitution, as understood by the Body which prepared and the authority which accepted it. † The Federalist justifies why the authors found the Articles of Confederation unacceptable; why they wanted to separate the powers of the government’s branches; why they split the national legislature into two different houses; why they thought that a federal court for the final appeal was desirable and necessary; why they banned titles of nobility; why they said that a bill of rights was a needless addition, and why a lot of other permissions and prohibitions were written into the Constitution or excludes completely. â€Å"As a contribution to the ratification debate, The Federalist is an extended exercise in exposition, explanation, and persuasion. As a work of political theory, then, The Federalist flies fairly close to the ground, rarely soaring into the stratosphere of philosophical abstraction. † Articles of Confederation If the Articles of Confederation would not have failed then there would have been no Constitution and surely no Federalist Papers. After two centuries it is not easy to picture the hectic state of America in the post revolutionary era. There was so much going on. America won a war but still the eastern seaboard was susceptible to attackers. Then the economy was weighed down by numerous currencies and tariffs, the state governments were bankrupt, and the central government was only central in name. Everything was hap hazard and nothing was going right. Since 1776 till 1787 America was an uncontrolled union of states which were ruled by the Articles of Confederation, which had a serious defect and that was the individual states had power and that power remained with them. The central government was just there to be called central. It could do nothing. It could neither increase revenues nor pass and ratify legislation necessary for independent states. To pass laws, nine votes out of thirteen states were necessary and an undisputed and agreed by all votes was essential to effect any basic change in the Articles. Making a central government with such weakness was deliberate because the American colonists had angrily rejected the British crown’s authority to control trade and collect taxes. The governmental body created under the Articles of Confederation was basically immobilized, and there was no executive or judicial branch as well. What is more, the thirteen states had distinct political and commercial concerns and therefore a brief duration of artificial harmony among these states proved to be unsuccessful in producing a nationalized identity. What is surprising is that nine states had navies; seven printed their own currency, and the majority had tariff and customs laws. Also, New York was charging duties on ships transporting firewood or farm produce to and from neighboring states such as, New Jersey and Connecticut. When the soldiers mentioned that â€Å"New Jersey is our country,† they were endorsing the prevailing emotions of other states. The insolvent state governments also contributed largely to the political turmoil of the 1780s. Hamilton harshly attacked the Articles of Confederation when he stated in Federalist No. 9 that the states promoted â€Å"little, jealous, clashing, tumultuous commonwealths, the wretched nurseries of unceasing discord. † Madison when writing Federalist No. 10 had the insolvent states in mind as well because he portrays the requirement to â€Å"secure the national