Gillette Fusion Essay Essay Example

Gillette Fusion Essay Essay RecommendationIn order to increase entire gross revenues and put Gillette Fusion on path to be a $ 1 billion concern in the following few old ages. Gillette Fusion should establish a new advertisement run and cut down cartridge bundle monetary values by 20 % with the debut of a erstwhile voucher. Explanation The media’s reaction to the â€Å"blockbuster† advertizement run highlights many of the campaign’s defect. The run focused on the merchandise features instead than its benefits. Due to the ad’s merchandise focal point. Gillette failed to pass on why the extra blades and elastomer grip surfacing improved the quality of consumer’s shaving. The proposed advertisement run would turn to these defects and concentrate on the client experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to educate consumers. Gillette should use a mass media run similar to Pepsi’s â€Å"Pepsi Challenge. † This run will include blindfolded persons proving and comparing the Gillette Fusion with several other razors. and will be hosted by a famous person who portions similar trade name qualities as the Fusion. The famous person will be immature. sleek and advanced. like Ashton Kutcher or Dwayne Wade. †¢TV Ad: The telecasting advertizements will include a short debut by the famous person and cartridge holders of clients who have taken the challenge depicting why the Gillette Fusion is superior to its rivals. It should be featured during male-focused scheduling. like featuring events and grownup comedies. †¢Print Ad: The print advertizement will have a image of the famous person next to the razor and several quotation marks from persons who have taken the challenge. It should be featured in men’s manner magazines ( GQ ) . music magazines ( Rolling Stone ) and athleticss magazines ( ESPN. Sports Illustrated ) . †¢Radio Ad: The wireless advertizement will get down with an debut by the famous person depicting why he prefers the Gillette Fusion and so passage to reappraisals by those who have taken the challenge ( i. e. â€Å"The Gillette Fusion is unbelievable because †¦ If you don’t believe me. hear what people who have taken the challenge have to state for themselves †¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) . It should be featured during grownup talk shows ( Howard Stern Show ) and athleticss programming. In order to promote users to buy the merchandise. Gillette should offer a 20 % price reduction on cartridges with the debut of a one clip voucher. Because 64 % of work forces look at the monetary value of the cartridge before buying the corresponding razor. presenting a 20 % price reduction with a erstwhile voucher will promote those consumers weary of the high cartridge monetary values to buy the razor. Once buying and utilizing the razor. it is likely that the consumer will detect a important difference in the quality of shaving. and be willing to pay a higher monetary value for the superior merchandise. This is supported by the fact that of the 9. 000 work forces who tested the new razor. Fusion was preferred 2 to 1 over the competition. For the few who would normally non be willing to pay the higher monetary value for the cartridges. they will probably go on to buy the cartridges because of the shift costs associated with buying a new razor. The voucher should be displayed at points of purchase and in direct mail outs. The former can be achieved by supplying confederates with show allowance. Alternate Schemes Unlike the proposed scheme. each of the alternate schemes fails to at the same time pass on the effectivity of the merchandise and encourage clients weary of the monetary value to buy the merchandise. †¢Lowering the retail monetary value of the razor – This will non promote clients to buy the merchandise because ( a ) 64 % of consumers look at the cartridge monetary value before buying a razor and ( B ) a razor is a erstwhile cost to consumers. with a less snap of demand than cartridges. Besides. without a new advertisement run. they besides will go on non to understand why the merchandise is superior. and more expensive. than its rivals. †¢Reducing cartridge bundle monetary values by altering cartridge bundle size. Reducing the current four cartridge bundle with three cartridge bundles is merely effectual if consumers fail to register the difference in bundle size because the monetary value per cartridge will really increase. Furthermore. this scheme fails to educate consumers on why the merchandise is superior. and more expensive. than its rivals.

Free Essays on Gio Ponti

During the twentieth century, the world of Italian design achieved their identity as the â€Å"design capital of the world†. The evolution of Italian design was equally impacted by the rise of Fascism between the World Wars, the emergence of new ideological approaches towards design, and technological advancements. However, no other element influenced Italy’s national identity more than the work of Gio Ponti. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of Modernism in today’s world has sparked a renewed interest in Ponti’s design ideology, as well as his works, both of which have adopted innovation and refinement. In order to understand Gio Ponti’s influence on Italian design, one must first understand the influence the world had on Ponti. A brief synopsis of his existence is necessary in order to reveal the elements, which ultimately determined his novel ideology towards design. Ponti’s service during WWI and his work with various design firms he worked with over the span of nearly six decades are obvious contributions. Meanwhile, one cannot overlook his work as an editor and educator, nor his participation in the Triennale Exhibitions, which not only influenced Ponti but the rest of the world as well. First, it is necessary to give due credit to gioponti.com/index.html, which provided all of the following biographical information pertaining to Gio Ponti. Gio Ponti was born in Milan on November 18, 1891 to Enrico Ponti and Giovanna Rigone. As Italy engaged in a war with Austria, Ponti was drafted into the army. By 1916, Ponti acquired the rank of captain, while he also received the Bronze Medal and Military Cross. During his tour in WWI, Ponti witnessed many examples of the classical architect, Andrea Palladio. His experience with Palladian architecture helped to initiate his earliest conceptions of design. After exiting the war, Ponti pursued a degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic and finally... Free Essays on Gio Ponti Free Essays on Gio Ponti During the twentieth century, the world of Italian design achieved their identity as the â€Å"design capital of the world†. The evolution of Italian design was equally impacted by the rise of Fascism between the World Wars, the emergence of new ideological approaches towards design, and technological advancements. However, no other element influenced Italy’s national identity more than the work of Gio Ponti. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of Modernism in today’s world has sparked a renewed interest in Ponti’s design ideology, as well as his works, both of which have adopted innovation and refinement. In order to understand Gio Ponti’s influence on Italian design, one must first understand the influence the world had on Ponti. A brief synopsis of his existence is necessary in order to reveal the elements, which ultimately determined his novel ideology towards design. Ponti’s service during WWI and his work with various design firms he worked with over the span of nearly six decades are obvious contributions. Meanwhile, one cannot overlook his work as an editor and educator, nor his participation in the Triennale Exhibitions, which not only influenced Ponti but the rest of the world as well. First, it is necessary to give due credit to gioponti.com/index.html, which provided all of the following biographical information pertaining to Gio Ponti. Gio Ponti was born in Milan on November 18, 1891 to Enrico Ponti and Giovanna Rigone. As Italy engaged in a war with Austria, Ponti was drafted into the army. By 1916, Ponti acquired the rank of captain, while he also received the Bronze Medal and Military Cross. During his tour in WWI, Ponti witnessed many examples of the classical architect, Andrea Palladio. His experience with Palladian architecture helped to initiate his earliest conceptions of design. After exiting the war, Ponti pursued a degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic and finally...

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI Essay

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI - Essay Example China has continued to stimulate outward FDI, with the lifting of restrictions on Chinese firm operations overseas on the new law on foreign exchange. For instance, there is no need to obtain exchange based on a risk assessment. This is expected to increase Chinas Outward FDI. As much as the countries may have difficulties in navigating towards the process, China may opt to go to the developing countries because of initiatives employed by these countries. Recently China is focusing on Africa, to increase the outward FDI since it is currently relatively small than the size of its economy (Ilhà ©u, 2010). There are other top host countries of great interest to china, which include Hong Kong and the Caribbean tax haven. That constantly account for about 70% of the flow. These counties are often used by multinational firms to store wealth as a result of their confidentiality to the foreign investors. Focusing on these countries by Chinese firm may also be one of the ways of hiding wealt h from tax authorities, other authorities or the public shareholders (Morck, et al. 2007). The following are the three features of Chinese macro environment that are likely to connect with the outward FDI surge. High saving rates, Weak corporate governance, distorted capital allocation. As much as outward FDI can let firms gain important economies of scale and scope, the above features could combine to induce excessive outward FDI by the wrong players that would be working with the Chinese long-term economic prospects (Morck, et al. 2007, p 10). Therefore, it is important to understand outward FDI to achieve prosperity. Outward foreign direct investment by the Chinese firms was expected to reach a record of USD 120 billion in 2014. However, the recent liberalization of capital controls has also further complicated the task of recording such outflows accurately. Other data points suggest that the

Research report on Internet Security Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Internet Security - Research Paper Example This denotes whenever a person is online, he/she can become a possible target for security threats (BigPlanet, n.d.). Due to this reason, internet security has become more important for internet users including individual persons, organisations and the government. The structure of internet allows for the existence of several security threats (Daya, 2008). Focusing on this aspect, the report encompasses brief history of internet security threats. Furthermore, the report also describes about the method of protection from security threats. The objective of the report is to acquire a brief idea about different security threats that exist in internet and how these threats can be dealt with. History of Internet Security Threats The idea of internet has started as a project sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of US Department of Defence in the year 1969. The key intention of the project was to develop a network which can operate even if main segments of communication netwo rk crash. Thus, ARPANET was designed in order to redirect the network traffic spontaneously around the problems in linking systems. The protocols of ARPANET were mainly intended for openness and flexibility of information, rather than for information security. Thus, every person needed to be an unrestricted insider of the network so that information can be shared easily. As more computer systems (which are also known as sites in present day’s phraseology) linked in the ARPANET, the worth of this network has increased (Dekker, 1997). At that time, researchers played practical fun on each other by using ARPANET which involved joke mails, annoying posts and other minor security breaches. During that period, connection from any remote system was not considered as a security threat, because ARPANET users comprised a small group of people who were generally familiar to each other and also had faith on each other. Since the popularity of ARPANET increased, its users also augmented. In the year 1986, the first exposed security threat in ARPANET occurred in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of California where an unidentified system had attempted to copy information from the computer system. This incidence raised concerns about the damaging characteristics of ARPANET (Dekker, 1997). In the year 1988, ARPANET had first faced mechanical security incident namely ‘Morris Worm’, where a student of Cornell University developed a program which can connect with another system and can copy itself in the system. This self copying mechanical attack caused symmetrical eruption of copies at computers that were connected with ARPANET. At that time, ARPANET had almost 88,000 users who reflected it as the prime way of communication. In reaction to the worm, several users had detached themselves from the ARPANET, further hindering the communication procedure. Several organisations have emerged after these security occurrences in order to deal with the online att acks and instruct the ARPANET users regarding potential security threats and also certain preventive activities (Dekker, 1997). In the year 1989, ARPANET was officially termed as Internet and shifted from a government research project

Smart Phones by Conch Republic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smart Phones by Conch Republic - Case Study Example Currently the company has its smart phone model in the market which has already earned company a good chunk of revenues. However, with the passage of time, Conch Republic keeps on investing more money in its research and development activities so that its major products continue to exist in the market without getting obsolete. As a result, the company has developed a new model of the existing smart phone which has different new features but the most popular one is that of Wi-Fi tethering. The company has planned to terminate the production of the existing smart phones in next two years, but have made the financial viability of the introduction of new smart phones. The proposed smart phones are estimated to have the useful life of around five years. The company has already incurred around $750,000 and $200,000 on the development of the prototype and the marketing campaign of the new smart phones respectively. However, both of these costs are not included in the investment appraisal co mputation of the new smart phones because they are assumed to be the sunk cost. Sunk costs are those which do not matter whether a certain project is either accepted or rejected, in this way, these two costs would have no impact upon the decision to accept or reject the new smart phone. ... Therefore, in the computation of net cash flows, the impact of loss of contribution in the existing smart phone model due to introduction of new smart phones, are also included and they are considered as a cash outflows. Assumptions All the amounts included in the computation are US Dollars ($). Taxes are assumed to be paid to the authorities in the year in which the tax liability of Conch Republic arises. Impact of inflation is ignored. Discount factor for Conch Republic is estimated to be 12%. Depreciation rates are assumed to 5-years MACRS. Conch Republic is assumed to pay tax at the rate of 35%. Investment Appraisal The project of introduction of new smart phones by Conch Republic has been mainly appraised with the help of traditional investment appraisal techniques which are Discounted Payback Period, Profitability Index, Internal Rate of Return and lastly but the most famous one, Net Present Value. The most important factor which is common in all the above mentioned techniques is the use of discounted cash flows so that the impact of time value of money can managed appropriately (Brigham et al, 2008). The main stream presentation of the computation of the overall investment appraisal of the new smart phones is attached at the end of this discussion along with workings of changes in working capital and loss of contribution of the existing smart phones due to launch of new smart phones. 1. Discounted Payback Period (PBP) Discounted Payback Period mainly depicts the duration in which the initial investment of any project is likely to be recovered (Eckbo, 2008). For the proposed new smart phones, the discounted payback period is found to be 3.94 years which means that in around 3.94 years, there is likelihood that the initial investment of $38.5 million is

The Edo Period Of Japan

The Edo Period Of Japan The Edo period, also known as the Tokugawa period-taken from the name of the ruling Tokugawa family-was a long period of peace and order that lasted for about 250 years. This was a remarkable feat considering the fact that this period was preceded by devastating ordeals. The sengoku jidai (the age of country at war) was the Warring States Period of Japan during which numerous rival daimyos with their individual armies fought each other to gain greater jurisdiction of control over Japan, which was divided into about 260 countries. The term, Warring State Period was borrowed, among many other things, from the Chinese. But though the name was appropriate in describing the chaotic feudal warfare, it was more of a war (power struggle) among warlords. Regardless of the kind of war fought, the war took a toll on the cities and the Japanese people. The cost for the individual daimyo was tremendous, and a century of conflict would so weaken the bulk of Japanese warlords, that the three great figures of Japanese unification, beginning with Oda Nobunaga, would find it easier to militarily assert a single, unified military government.(Washington State University. n.d.) A rigid political and social structure was one of the determining factors for the long-lasting peace under the Edo period. Under the leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the government transitioned from being a decentralized feudal government to a military government in the form of the bakufu. This centralized feudalism also maintained a controlled environment among the daimyos whose rivalry greatly contributed to the Chaos of the recently concluded Warring States Period. The key policies of the Tokugawa System were manipulating daimyo, managing the imperial court, controlling foreign relations, and sacralizing the Tokugawa legacy. (N.A. 1990) According to Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu made an extra effort to control the daimyos and minimize them in number. The adoption of the buke sho-hatto (laws pertaining to the military houses) restricted the daimyos tremendously-from the way they had to repair their castles to requiring their wive s and children to stay in Edo. A similar set of laws was placed on court nobles and it was called kinchu narabi ni kuge sho-hatto. Military authorities were in charge of keeping the court nobles in line and assured obedience through the punishment of exile in case of non-compliance. This control over the imperial court consequently assigned the emperor with a more scholarly (rather than military) and representative role. With regards to foreign policy, Ieyasus ban on Christianity was said to have sparked the seclusion of Japan (sakoku) from the rest of the world. Speculations indicate that this policy was implemented to create a monopoly on foreign trade and information from abroad because in exchange for exclusive trade with Japan, the Dutch and Chinese gave annual reports about the outside world The negativity toward Christianity began with Ieyasus fear of the increasing numbers of Christians revolting against him. This effort to eliminate Christianity left a path of death and des truction; these Christians worshipped Christ and placed him above the shogun, which apparently threatened and angered Ieyasu, who wanted the people to worship him instead. This led to a general fear of contamination from Western (or non-Japanese) cultures and ideologies and the eventual closing of Japans doors to the world. Though it had its own share of drawbacks, this cultural isolation, coupled with steady economic development from unparalleled agricultural productivity, led to the peace and eventual development of Japan as a unified country and served as a foundation for a rich distinct Japanese culture. The society was organized by means of a hierarchy in which movement in class was very difficult if not totally impossible. This rigidity was said to primarily be a strategy employed by shoguns to ensure their stay in power and the continuous benefits that came with it. Samurais comprised the highest class in society, followed by the peasants, then the artisans, then finally, merchants. This structure was strongly influenced by Confucian beliefs, much like many other aspects of Japanese culture, which borrowed heavily from that of the Chinese. The warrior class was headed by the Shogun, beneath him were the local feudal lords (daimyo) who were responsible for certain pieces of land. Each daimyo had a number of samurais who served as guards, advisers, and members of the private army. Some samurais carried on without the support and assistance of a master. These masterless samurai (ronin) became teachers, wanderers, or warriors for hire. Peasants provided the primary nourishment of the Japanese people and that earned them considerably high ranking. Differentiating artisans and merchants was a very tricky matter though; more often than not, their occupations overlapped. But despite this confusion, sword makers held a privileged position in society for their vital contribution to the samurais. The reason behind the subordination of merchants springs from the Confucian emphasis on not enriching ones self in the expense of others-which is why the merchants practice of making a living out of others hard work (craftsmen) was looked down upon. Entertainers, priests, and certain other people were not part of the class system. This detachment had its share of advantages and disadvantages. Freedom was the main benefit since the system was very limiting and strict. On the other hand, excluded from the protection of the system. Outcastes (eta) included people whose livelihoods were associated with death-leather tanners, animal carcass disposers etc-and people who were banished by their villages. The former were shunned by the rest of the Japanese community because strong Buddhist influences gave high respect to all living things. The latter were alienated for obvious reasons and will be described in greater detail later. In conclusion, it is evident that the government had a very militaristic way of structuring things. The power of the military as a means of intimidation and instilling fear among the people is a testament to this. Given the militaristic nature of the Edo period, criminal punishment was something ultimately utilized to discourage the people from committing any crimes or offenses, great or small. Their government structure gave power to the village-level administration with regards to dealing with majority of the crimes committed by individuals belonging to their corresponding areas of responsibility-leaving only especially serious crimes to be dealt with by the higher bakufu. Serious crimes included everything from theft to gambling and manslaughter. Aside from the crime committed, ones class or position in society was also a determining factor with regards to how he was sanctioned. Though regardless of class, the mode of punishment in the Edo period was harsh more often than not. Criminal Justice during the Edo Period Capital punishment was something only the bakufu could impose on the gravest of offenders; death penalties were in the form of beheading. On a local level, kyuri or banishment was the most serious punishment the village governments could impose. The legal system in their time affirmed the fact that a single persons wrongdoings could lead to the torment of his entire village. This substantiates the significance of banishment in a sense that the offenders village mates-who are presumably directly uninvolved in the criminal act-are absolved from any vicarious liability they may have incurred. Through the consent of the offenders parents, the village officials and a bakufu representative, the offenders name was literally erased from the population rosters. The banished (mushuku) were often marked with tattoos; non-samurais were commonly subject to Tokoro-barai, which meant that he was to be banished to a certain place and samurais were usually assigned to the post of Kofu in the mountain s west of Edo. Murahachibu (Ostracism) literally translates to eight parts out of ten. This pertained to the disqualification of an offender from receiving any assistance from his community in eight of the ten traditional facets of community life. These eight parts include: births, coming of age ceremonies, weddings, sicknesses, memorial services, travel, floods, and building and repairs. The only two facets in which they were allowed assistance were help in case of a fire and in preparation for funeral. This loss of residence or homelessness would degrade the banished and his family to an outcaste (hinin) status in a process known as hinin teka. Unfortunately, this descent in status was not confined to the person or generation that first occasioned the original ostracism, but extended in perpetuity. Unofficial ostracism, on the other hand, occurred when the individual was removed from the village through a votation (irefuda) without sufficient evidence (or any evidence at all for t hat matter). In such cases, the individual is merely asked to leave the village, while still remaining in the population roster. Irefuda was the votation of the village people to identify a particular offender, which they believe is responsible for whatever recurring crime they may be experiencing. Honesty and participation was key in this activity to the extent that villagers would make oaths before the gods and drink holy water to keep their words pure and those who dont vote are punished along with the guilty and his supporters. Another rather odd part of the Tokugawa law was the idea of rakushogisho, which means, dropped oaths before gods. Here, an anonymous paper with an accusation is dropped in front of the shrine and whoever picks this paper up first is obliged to implement it because this is seen as a sign from the gods themselves. For a crime such as theft, men could be punished with banishment and additional physical mutilation (cutting off ones nose and or ears) would arise depending on the severity of the theft. Women were forced to walk through the village naked, which was a punishment they deemed as even worse than physical mutilation. Mandatory community service(labor camps, gold mining, slavery), ostracism, distinct clothing, and the payment of festival expenses were other possible sanctions as well. One must note that the concealment of theft was a crime as severe as the theft itself-which means that the victim is treated the same way as the offender and is equally punished. Flagellation was another means of penalty for theft (and fighting). It was usually reserved for commoners of both sexes and knights and priests were exempted from it. This practice of stripping the offender to his underwear and striking his back and buttocks for, at most, 100 times, was eventually replaced by ear/nose cutting in th e early Edo period. Punishment for murder was dependent on the manner in which it was executed, ones involvement in the aforementioned crime, and the status of the person murdered. Accomplices to murder, execution of contractual murder, and the murder of inferiors were punishable by banishment. Premeditated, self-enriching, delivering the initial blow (even if it is not the fatal blow) and the masterminding of murder on the other hand were punishable by the death penalty. Through the bakufus discretion, additional additions such as gibbeting (hanging), crucifixion (for murder of a parent/husband), confiscation of property, or ones corpse being the sword practice dummy for a local samurai could be incorporated into ones sentence. Other variations of the death penalty include boiling, burning for those guilty of arson, decapitation, sawing, and cutting the accused in half. This was usually preceded by the parading of the accused around town, and then concluded with the public display of the severed head or body part/s. Torture was an accepted means of obtaining a confession, although a confession was a requisite for the death penalty and the central focus of a trial, it was not something that could be done on a whim (required approval of several levels of authority) and therefore, was hardly ever performed. Even in punishment, ones class is still taken into consideration; special distinction is especially given to samurais. The beheading of a samurai was called zanzai, whereas it is called shizai when done to a commoner. Seppuku, suicide by disembowelment, is also a special option reserved only for the warrior class. It is considered as a better alternative because if one performs seppuku, he dies with his honor intact. The Legal and Judicial System Japans modern legal and judicial systems trace their roots back to 1232 when the Kamakura shogunate (1185-1333) created uniform guidelines the Goseibai Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications) for its samurai, or warrior vassals. Drawn from the laws and procedures of such other older institutions as the imperial and provincial governments, private estates and religious orders, the bukeho (warrior house law) was not a legal code in the modern sense but, rather, a compilation of the most common and important court disputes settled by the shogunate. The Goseibai Shikimoku provided the foundation of Japans legal system for the next 400 years. The legal system of Japan evolved when it was unified by the Tokugawa shogunate . Iyesu Tokugawa strengthened the centralization of militaristic and economic power on the shogunates hands, but also replaced the laws issued by regional warlords with standard codes. Two important laws were made during this time, the 13-article Buke Shohatto(Laws for Military Houses) and the Kinchu Narabi ni Kuge Shohatto (Laws Governing the Imperial Court and Nobility). The final contribution of the Tokugawa or Edo period was the 742 Kujikata Osadamegaki (Official Provisions). For the first time a set of rules was made for the commoners and lesser samurais and not for those in the elite class. This had two parts. One was the administrative procedures and civil rules composed of 81 articles. The second, which composed the bulk is on criminal laws and penalties which is made up of 103 articles. This was the first time that the commoners who were under the shogun had to answer to a codified set of laws. Japanese Values behind the System The Japanese valued social responsibility and obligation very much. This can be translated as giri. Giri implies that people should behave according to what society dictates of you. The Japanese see this as very important that is why anyone who deviates from the law or from the expectations of society is punished for it. There is also a strong sense of community seen in the valuing of human relations and empathy because even those that are not the criminals are subject to be punished if they do not report the offender. More people will get hurt as crimes increase especially in the villages where there is voting on who the culprit is. If you want it to stop, then community as a whole must stop because everyone is affected. Confessing immediately is best rather than getting tortured to admit the fault or whose fault it is. Ninjo which is they psychological factor refers to a persons feelings and reactions which may or may not be in line with the giri. If one experiences conflict with t hese interests, one may suppress his feelings, close his eyes from all of these or worst case scenario, commit suicide. Samurais are known to do the last because of the common practice of seppuku. If a samurai does not reach the expectations society has for him he feels the need to kill himself for losing his honor. Here we see another important Japanese value, honor. The Japanese highly value this that some of the punishments just mainly strip away ones honor and dignity. Women parading naked, being proclaimed a criminal and many more are just some of the ways that the old penal system has stripped away the honor of many individuals. Loyalty and obedience not only to ones master, but society as a whole is also very important. Those who disobey may be executed or be tortured just for not following the law. Harmony and order is so important for them that they would do anything to maintain this. Even today these values are still practised in society. Honor for the Japanese is just as important before as it is today. One example would be how students study so hard to get into a good university that failing leads to a lot of suicides in Japan. By not passing one has not only disgraced his name, but more importantly, disgraced his family. This is why they would prefer death, similar to how the samurais would think. Japanese highly value social obligation that your responsibility to the community is far greater than to a transcendent god. From the past, Japan has relied on social rather than supernatural sanctions and they have always emphasized the benefits of having a harmonious society. They are also very disciplined people today and there is more often than not, fear of authority. The hierarchies present before are still present now. There are still people who have a higher status than you such as your parents. Loyalty and obedience has always been emphasized before and just like now any disloyal act against your parents is frowned up by society. Here the strong influence of Confucianism is seen and by following ones roles, order can finally be obtained. Although punishment today may not be as harsh before, the Japanese have kept these in their minds and have worked very hard to keep the order in their society which has made them one of the strongest and most influential countries today. From past to present: The Yakuza The militaristic nature of Edo period in Japan gave importance towards the use of physical might as well as more strict control over the people. The context during that time forced people to resort to more dire measures for survival and people were under pressure on a daily basis. Some people conformed to the harsh settings but others sought escape and lived defiantly, away from society. This strict way of living entailed the first beginnings of the formation of various groups that eventually led to a more famously known group in Japan: yakuza. Currently, yakuza are more popularly known as an organized crime syndicate in Japan, similar to the Mafia. They are known to be an extremely large and influential group in Japanese politics as well as business; having direct or hidden control over several businesses and political figures. The yakuza are infamous for their ruthlessness and for being forceful in their dealings with people, Japanese or foreign. The pop culture depiction of yakuza members varies from tattooed hoodlums and thugs to the high class suit-and-tie figure. They are infamous for their activities that range from political activities and assassinations to protection rackets and shady business dealings including drugs, weaponry, gambling, smuggling, etc. These income generating activities are generally called shinogi. Admirably, the yakuza are also famous for having a strong sense of honor and loyalty amongst themselves. They strictly follow a structure similar to that of a family, even referring to their superiors as oyabun or father and the followers as kobun or child. This structure allows the yakuza to have a systematic way of carrying out their work and helps in creating loyalty to the family. The early origins of the Yakuza during the Edo-period can be traced back to the emergence of two groups. First we have the kabukimono (crazy ones) which include people that are peculiarly dressed, have odd hairstyles and have volatile, violent behavior. Kabukimono groups usually consist of unemployed samurais or ronins that have resorted to violence, banditry and other vigilante acts instead of enlisting in other jobs. Another name for the members of this group is the hatamato-yakko, which means servants of the shogun, referring more to their previous affiliation with the shogun than their more recent deviant nature. Their constant harassment of local towns forced the townsfolk to find protection of their own, as the daimyos were less concerned over the common town and townsfolk. This led to the rise of the other group so called machi-yakko, also came to be known as servants of the town or local town heroes. These machi-yakko comprised of local people who have banded together to repe l the assaults of the invading bandits. The members of the machi-yakko were usually weaker than the kabukimono, seeing as they were usually untrained individuals. A remarkable aspect of both groups that is still associated with yakuza is the developed sense of family trust and loyalty among the members. The more common notion of most people would be to identify yakuza gangsters to have come from the line of the kabukimono or hatamato-yakko. However, from the yakuzas point of view, their claim is that they are descendants from the machi-yakko faction. We can note that the yakuza seem to have taken characteristics from both of these groups. However, it is unclear and erroneous to directly link the modern yakuza to any of the two groups. A second, but not entirely exclusive explanation as to the formation of the yakuza is that the yakuza derive from the two classes of tekiya (peddlers) and bakuto (gamblers). Basically, the tekiya is a group comprised of small-time peddlers that banded together. Although in the Edo period, they were considered to be of low social standing, their organized mass activities eventually gained them influence on commercial dealings and administrative duties. Tekiyas business activities were considered legal at the time and were eventually allowed by the Edo government for their oyabun (leaders) to have surnames and to carry swords, which was previously only available for samurais and nobles. Bakuto, or gamblers, were considered lower than tekiya, primarily because gambling was frowned upon and considered illegal. Gambling houses were present in more or less deserted areas in town, or on the outskirts and were looked down upon. Bakuto also dealt in loan sharking businesses and held their own security force. The bakutos way of doing business is what is more commonly associated for the negative image of the yakuza today. In fact, the term yakuza is said to have originated from a card game. Ya-ku-sa or the most useless hand in the game, caught on as a term to refer to the bakuto, seen as derogatory to society. It is also from bakuto that the infamous yakuza tattoos originated from, as the members of this group usually had on their bodies. To the yakuza, tattoos were a symbol for toughness and most yakuza had majority of their bodies tattooed. It is from the history of the tekiya as well as the bakuto groups that we can see how the structure of the yakuza began to form. Knowing the backgrounds of the tekiya, bakuto and kabukimono, we can see how the yakuza are also known to allow misfits and rejects of society into their organization. It is also from the four previously mentioned groups that we see the early stages of the kinds of transactions and dealings that the yakuza do. Basically, we can see how and why the yakuza are said to have origins from all of these different groups. The yakuza evolved into a larger, more organized and structured group after the Meiji Restoration period, which ushered in a more formal political format as well as military might. The yakuza also made motions to modernize their organization but they still held on to their former activities: businesses and gambling rings. They expanded recruitment and began to take interest in and dealt in politics. The yakuza were also vital during the American occupation years in Japan. During the occupation years, Japan was in a sunken economic state and the black market emerged as a more viable option for the people to survive. The yakuza, especially the tekiya group, took advantage of the black market. They proved to be an extreme difficulty for the Americans in controlling Japan. Eventually, another cluster of yakuza, called the gurentai emerged, who also dealt in the black market. The gurentai group is what is more closely associated to the organized and violent side of the yakuza (similar to the Italian Mob in America), portraying the more stereotypical gangster image. After the war, the yakuza continued its black market transactions and started to use more direct violence, which resulted in the group entitled boryokudan (violence gang). Post-war Japan started improving economically and dependency on the black market declined. As such, the yakuza continued to adapt and were able to prosper. The yakuza began to grow in number, but the yakuza also began to fragment into regional sub-organizations. Much of the post-war regaining of strength for the yakuza are attributed to Yoshio Kodama, an extremely wise and powerful man who worked his way through industry and politics to empower the different yakuza groups. The many opportunities in the market also bred competition amongst the yakuza subgroups. The existence of different yakuza gangs led to gang wars and has troubled both the yakuza structure as a whole and the law enforcement. There was a spike in the number rate of boryokudan arrests, which consisted of a lot of physical violence against other groups. These subgroups are usually headed by a single family. An example is one of the most famous and powerful yakuza clans to have existed: the Yamaguchi-gumi. This particu lar group is said to have been able to dominate a good majority of its territories. One particular head of this clan was Kazuo Taoka, known to be one of the most, if not the most effective leader of this clan. During his period as the kumicho (family boss), he was able to empower the Yamaguchi-gumi clan into one of the most powerful clans in his time. In the latter part of the 20th century, Japanese government has worked towards the stoppage of the violent and criminal acts performed by the yakuza. More specifically, they have even passed a law against the boryokudan; this law is called the Botaiho (passed in May 1991). Despite this, the yakuza are still at large in many other aspects and are usually conducting their work within the law. Their influence on business and politics is still significant but clandestine to most. Again, the modern day yakuza has evolved and has been able to adapt to the current context of the world today, and not just in Japan. In the end, the yakuza has always had an influential role on the lives and culture of the Japanese, even if their actions were never stated explicitly in the history books. Their early existence began during the Edo period and throughout Japanese history, they have evolved into what they are today: a formidable force in everyday Japanese life.

Watsons Theory of Caring Essay -- Nursing

Watson’s Theory of Nursing We live in a fast moving environment with longer tiring days. When we are ill we go to the doctor’s office or emergency room and expect fast and reliable service. Data is collected that is measuring satisfaction from the service and, of course that data helps to improve the service. Companies keep track of statistics, like income, housing, children, and cars. I also like numbers and statistics, and like the idea that everything can be measured and have a number associated with it. However, I am wondering if everything can be quantified. Can we reliably measure happiness, love, and care of one person for another? Attempts are made to quantify happiness in some countries, Bhutan and Great Britain, to name a few. Consider health care, we are counting admissions, discharges, hospital-days, and patient satisfaction scores, but this statistic does not reflect how a patient feels. How often was the patient scared, depressed and lonely in his statistical hospital room somewhere betwe en his admission and discharge? Did anyone care about this person? Watson's theory of caring concentrates on human aspect of nursing and gives nurses opportunity to connect and to care for patients. Background of Watson’s Theory of Caring Watson admits that her original intent was not to create a theory; she was only trying to solve some conceptual and empirical problems with nursing education, practice, and research. Her 1979 book, Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, was, in fact, an essay on nursing (Watson, 1999). Over 30 years, from 1979 to 2008, Watson develops and finalizes her Theory of Caring. She starts with her textbook for an integrated nursing curriculum at the University of Colorado. The theory starts wi... ...e. Easier, of course, to perform assigned task, but we know that in human interaction and especially in health care many more factors affect the outcome but not just well performed task. Watson’s theory gives a special attention and concentrates on the humanistic aspect of nursing. Works Cited Alligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2006). Nursing theory: Utilization & application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Cross, P. (1981). Adults as learners . Washington, DC : Jossey-Bass, a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons . Watson, J. (1988). Nursing: Human science and human care. New York: National League for Nursing. Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human science and human care: A theory of nursing. Sudbury, MA: NLN Press, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Watson, J. (2008). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.

History and Philosophy Essay

The Federalist is the greatest contribution ever made on the Constitution of United States. According to Chief Justice John Marshall in the case Cohen’s v. Virginia (1821) ‘The Federalist is a complete commentary on our Constitution. ’ Since 1790 lawyers, politicians, students and even judges have all studied The Federalist to know more about the Constitutional issues. In United States the ideas of The Federalist are at the heart of the civic culture. Work on The federalist papers was started in 1787 and finished in 1788. It was written to contradict the arguments of the Anti-federalist against the ratification of the U. S Constitution in 1787. This work was originated by Alexander Hamilton who wrote 51 essays of this literature. Another author was James Madison who wrote 26 essays and the remaining were written jointly by the two and by John Jay. Overall, The Federalist comprises of 85 essays written by three authors who wanted to persuade the voters to support them in ratifying the proposed constitution of U. S. In their papers these three people outlined how this new government will operate and what type of government is best for United States. These papers were written and published under the name Publius. Although Hamilton, Madison and Jay had different and at times conflicting ideas about the government they did agree on some important points like, republicanism, federalism, separation of powers, and free government. According to them Republicanism is based on the ‘consent of the governed’ because power is divided between few people who are elected by the public to be on the top. Federalism is power divided between federal government and state government. They are two different powers at different levels and can make decisions separately and directly. â€Å"State governments can neither ignore nor contradict federal statutes that conform to the supreme law, the Constitution. This conception of federalism departed from traditional forms, known today as confederations, in which states retained full sovereignty over their internal affairs† In The Federalist Paper No. 47 Separation of Powers is mentioned as, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands†¦ may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny†. Free government was another aspect which was agreed by all three authors of The Federalist. Free government is made up of the remaining three points that have been discussed above, republicanism, federalism, and separation of powers. According to the Federalist, the popular government is the free government, in which, security, property, and liberty of people are guarded by the government. This type of government is so strong that it can protect against the internal and external threats, yet it is sufficiently narrow to prevent tyranny. It can be said that free government was designed in such a manner that it could prevent against the cruelty, of the dictators, to the public. The Federalist Papers served a dual purpose. Where it outlined the requirement for a strong central government, emphasized the weakness of Articles of Confederation, and portrayed the power of the proposed Constitution, at the same time, the paper alleviated doubts about the new federal government becoming too powerful. The authors argued that that the Confederation government was too weak and the new proposed Constitution will never be too strong. The federalist had two main objectives. First, was to convince the people of New York to ratify the Constitution and the second objective was to convince the people of all 13 states to endorse the constitution. A major concern for the authors of the Federalist was federal taxation, which is obvious in their assessment of the Articles and Constitution’s justification. â€Å"At various points, they expounded on the efficacy and fairness of consumption taxes, specifically customs duties. They insisted, however, that the federal government be granted unlimited taxing powers, including the authority to assess domestic excise taxes. Debates over â€Å"direct† vs. â€Å"indirect† taxation received considerable attention, as did the constitutional requirement for tax uniformity† . Nine of the Federalist papers discuss federal taxes and federal revenue topics. Classical Influences in Federalist Papers-Madison James Madison was the fourth President of the United States and was honored with the title of ‘Father of the American Constitution. ’ Madison is the epitome of intellectual forces, which came together in American politics by the end of the eighteenth century. Bernard Bailyn has hypothesized that the classics in colonial America was ‘illustrative, not determinative of thought. ’ To defy this notion and explain Madison’s ability to perform the role of an architect of a system that successfully integrated political and philosophical views, an assessment of Madison’s life and education will be important. A complex synthesis of classical, modern, philosophical, and rational thought has been revealed by the foundation of the American Republic, as well as, the impact of classical antiquity that was considered thoughtfully. In this regard, a combined political wisdom of thousands of years of human experience was reflected by the implementation of the abovementioned complex synthesis for the formation of a system of government. Simplistic theories of interpretation have been defied by a degree of reflection and contemplation that completed that republican government, which is accounted as one of the most purposefully design by the history of mankind. In two years, after the completion of his first year’s exams, the degree was finished by the Madison in English, Greek, mathematics, and Latin. During this time, Reverend John Witherspoon considered Madison as one of his favorite students, and it was an honor as the Reverend was the president of the college. Employing a syllabus that was classical and Christian Witherspoon taught Madison moral philosophies which greatly affected him for the rest of his life. Tangible manifestation in the Federalist Papers was found by the ability of Madison regarding the classical, as well as, modern political philosophy, which was often referred as quasi-Calvinist cognizance. Wherein the plan for a fractured government was described and advocated by Madison. In addition, any individual person or entity sought precluding of usurpation of the power of governance. This theological system of belief also reveals itself in an existing political philosophy. As per the political thinking of the Calvinist, the grace of God is responsible for all the authority. In this regard, due rights are received by both authority and liberty, when the relation between the citizens and rulers is standardized unbridled authority on the part of rulers lead to despotism, autocracy, and tyranny; unbridled liberty on the part of citizens generates into license, revolution, and anarchy. License, anarchy, and revolution have been generated by the unbridled liberty on the part of the citizens. Stewards from the God are found in the rulers, as proper constitution is formed in the government according to the principles of Calvinism. For God’s sake, the highest motives are considered for the obeying of the rulers by the citizens. An example for the understanding of development of the political, classical, and philosophical amalgamation for the debates that were performed during the formation of the American Constitution was presented by a strong proponent of the classics, Calvinist, and the Scottish Enlightenment Witherspoon. The diverse approach of Witherspoon to education provides an important explanation for understanding Madison’s talent of successfully merging classical and modern political theory into a feasible plan for a secure democratic state. In other words, an extensive intellectual focus was maintained by Witherspoon, by which, discordant philosophical, as well as, theological concepts were blended into an educational program effectively and coherently. When Madison came into politics his instant tasks were clear, first he wanted to put up a proposal for a democratic republican government acceptable to the representative body at the Constitutional Convention, and second, to assure the ratification of the proposed Constitution. From an extensive view point, Madison wanted to produce a classic dissertation on the American system of government, which would enlighten future generations about democratic republicanism. Madison was able to attain both of these goals through one channel and that was The Federalist Papers. This information helps in understanding how extensive knowledge of the classics was acknowledged by Madison and the other two authors. In Federalist no. 14 Madison presents a question, which can function as a good outline of his approach concerning the issue of the significance of the classics to the American people: It has been the glory of American people, as a blind veneration for antiquity, custom, knowledge, experience’s lessons, and objections of their senses has not been suffered by them, as the opinions of former times, as well as, other nations have been paid with a decent regard by these people. The Federalist has considered this thinking approach an obvious thing, since ancients have been referenced frequently by Madison, and their strengths and weaknesses have been borne in mind. When Thomas Jefferson sent the published texts of Polybius from France, the issues of the proposed government were considered by Madison, while positive and negative examples were considered and utilized from the ancient sources by him. Therefore Madison opposes the objections of people who mention the example of Ancient Greece as a sign of un-workability of a permanent republic. He argues that Greece was a democratic system that was often confused with a republic; Madison distinguishes between the two by mentioning that a democracy requires the people to be in assembly in order to carry out the business of the state, whereas a republic requires only the assembly of legislative body to work effectively. Hence he includes both democratic and republican doctrines in his government blueprint. The importance of the classics in the American Republic origin was demonstrated by the evaluation of specific sections comprising of papers of the Federalist, and specifically, the Madison. In addition, classical antiquity’s major references were also included in these sections as mentioned before, Madison frequently opted for classical tradition method to convey his political message, yet Madison often referred to antiquity as a negative prototype for a political culture. One area in which Montesquieu’s political philosophy complements Madison’s tactic is the issue of religion. After historical bigotry of the religion was criticized, and trade was meddled with it, it was commented by him that when the established religion satisfied the state, the establishment of another religion is not allowed. In this regard, establishment of any state religion was banned by the framers of the Constitution. Few smart and wise individuals should be communicated with the important political truths for their wise implementation, which was provided by the writings of the political philosopher, as the relationship between the political community and philosophy was considered as volatile. At the same time, harmful truths were concealed from these individuals by these writings as well. This concept was well aware by the student of Montesquieu, Madison. In the result, the classical and modern political philosophy was concealed by the furthering of his project. In this sense, the role of a crucial link in the chain of thoughts of the Romans and Greeks was played by the Madison, who was served by the Montesquieu. Classics are where Madison’s popular audience was at a majority and this is one fact that he used to his benefit in writing The Federalist Papers. In addition, major references to classical antiquity were contained in six out of eighty-five of the Federalist Papers. Passing references and explicit references regarding the specific indebtedness with a clear sign were contained in the twenty-three Federalist Papers. If these facts are considered, the link between classical antiquity and the origins of the American Republic appears to ignore a serious question. Mark Diamond states that the most immediate kind of political work was the Federalist, which was a piece of campaign propaganda. In addition, a view to the permanence of its argument was also provided to thoughtful men. The widest electorate was at once addressed by it, but able and educated men were also considered, by whom, the fate of the Constitution could be determined. Short-term objective was accomplished by the Federalist, in which, public opinion had to be influence with the relation of political system of the United States. Federalist As mentioned before, the people of New York were persuaded by the publishing of the Federalist for the ratification of the Constitution. It also made an attempt to elucidate different provisions of the Constitution and to enlighten the people by giving reasons, as to why other provisions like bill of rights had been excluded. It was argued by the Publius that an exceptional opportunity of reason and choice had by the Americans for the creation of own type of government. In contrast, earlier constitutions were determined by the chance of force. Publius argued that the Constitution shaped a republican style of government which was effective and sound in nature, but yet was controlled by checks and balances Advocates of the American Constitution obtained a strategic advantage over those who opposed it by taking up the name Federalist for themselves and by identifying the adversaries Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported state rule and disagreed with a central national government. By holding the title Federalist, Hamilton and other authors got an additional advantage for their position and got around an extreme conflict over the issue of state versus national power. They emerged as advocates of states’ rights and this idea was clearly explained in The Federalist Papers, yet they were also evidently advocating for a strong national government. The essays were signed â€Å"Publius† after Publius Valerius who was the state builder and who rebuild the Roman republic following the removing from power Rome’s last king called Tarquin. Plutarch measured Publius favorably against Solon who was Greece’s law giver. And at that instant a modern Publius would have helped erect the new American republic. By opting for a name like Publius, the authors of the Federalist were following a practice which was common among the eighteenth-century writers. The writers used to publish a combined work under a fictitious name instead of a byline. If Hamilton, Madison, and Jay had revealed their identity in The Federalist Papers then they would have been known as advocates of specific positions instead of being recognized by their arguments, and also this would have become a part of the argument over the Constitution. Further more; choosing secrecy was also because of the enmity between Hamilton and George Clinton the New York Governor. Interestingly Hamilton was the single New York ambassador who signed the Constitution. On the contrary, Clinton was an Anti-Federalist who was heading a state where people opposing the new Constitution were in majority. Therefore, opting for Publius was somewhat an effort to shift the discussion away from the personal bitterness between Hamilton and Clinton. As the need of unification has been signified, and the Articles of Confederation had arrears, it was explained by the Publius that a strong republican government was shaped by the Constitution, yet checks and balances controlled it. This type of government, which was strong and had checks, would maintain freedom and assets, and bring back respect for America overseas. Although an un-amended Constitution was opposed by two thirds of the nominated representatives at the New York conventions, the provision of other political writers was done by the Publius. At the same time as replying to explicit Anti-federalist arguments, The Federalist presented an integrated theory of the philosophies upon which the new Constitution was based. History, experience, and reason were the bases of this philosophical foundation, and the long existence of the republican government was verified by this foundation in relation with the examples of failed governments in the past, which were unable to survive. Countering the belief, which is often ascribed to Montesquieu, that republics could stay alive only in small areas taken by identical inhabitants, Madison in The Federalist no. 10 argued that republics could flourish best in large areas where different groups constantly competed with each other. During the constant struggles of these groups the independence of both majorities and minorities would be preserved. This republic would provide better leadership by expanding the group of qualified persons from which delegates would be selected. The Federalist no. 10 by Madison, as mentioned before, was very influential in U. S. political history and philosophy. The separation of the three branches of the federal government had to be done, as the role of a check upon the other was played by each branch in the government Although these three branches were not completely separate the practicality of each division was assured by assigning it enough power to protect itself against the actions of the other division. Furthermore, if any branch exceeded its role as defined in the Constitution then the other branches could proceed by checking on the misuse of power. Moreover, it was also stated by the Publius that freedom was protected by the new Constitution by the provision of power to the central, as well as, state governments. Specific areas of power and simultaneous powers were determined by this new federalism. It was mentioned by the Publius that a central government with restricted powers was created by the Constitution. In this regard, identification of the Congress’s, as well as, President’s powers was also done. The people and the states were left with all the remaining powers completely. If the legislative body dishonored their power and authority bestowed on them then the people could substitute them during the regular elections ensured by the Constitution. On the other hand, if the President or the judiciary breached the confidence of the people, Congress could prosecute them and if convicted Congress could remove them from their designation and from their office. The debate that was going on was based on vocabulary that is circling around the gist of the thoughts constitutive of republican dialogue. They are liberty, tyranny, virtue, corruption, representation, and even republic. It has been said before, along with rationalizations, that the new created American republic was the combined efforts of Federalists and Anti-federalists. A new political system was created not by ordains of a single lawmaker but instead was fought to bring it to life and was constructed jointly by having a powerful discussion between supporters of different political affiliations and theoretical standpoints. â€Å"The ratification debate produced an enormous outpouring of newspaper articles, pamphlets, sermons, and tracts, both for and against the new design. Of the former The Federalist is by far the most famous and certainly the most widely read in our day. The Anti-federalist case against the Constitution, by contrast, is today rarely read or even remembered. Once described (and dismissed) as mere nay-Sayers and men of little faith, the Anti-federalists are now more often regarded as the other founders. † Knowledge of this debate over the ratification of the Constitution illustrates that Publius was from time to time vanquished by its adversaries. The views supported by Publius occasionally differed from the point of view of Hamilton and Madison in the Constitutional Convention and a large portion of the Americans and the delegates did not consent with The Federalist. Nonetheless, from the beginning Americans have depended on The Federalist as being the most reliable source for understanding the objectives of the framers. The essays presented a number of arguments. The essays convincingly made the case for a strong unification of the states in Federalist number 1 to 14, highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation in Federalist number 15 to 22, argued about the benefits of a strong energetic central government in number 23 to 36, and mentioned the republican government’s capability to provide political steadiness as well as freedom in numbers 35 to 51. The essays following shortly after these scrutinized the roles of the three branches of government: the legislative numbers 52 to 66, the executive numbers 67 to 77, and the judicial numbers 78 to 83 along with the question of a bill of rights in Federalist number 84. The authors of the Federalist also reasoned the benefits of federalism. Furthermore, an impact on the United States law was done by the essays, which were written on the role of the federal judiciary for a long time now. Federalist essay number 78 consists of a vital defense of the belief of the judicial review that is the power which permits the U. S. Supreme Court to eliminate laws passed by Congress. In Federalist number 80 it is argued by Hamilton that it is important to establish system of federal courts, which are separate from state courts. The theories of the European philosophers of the Enlightenment have built the political philosophy of the Federalist. In addition, the Articles of Confederation, as well as, their experience by the United States, and historical examples have also been included. The treatise not only presented historical arguments and philosophical theories about the human nature and government, but also presented strong analysis of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. The general aim of the paper was to persuade the people that an energetic and strong centralized government would be more caring towards their freedom and independence. The philosophers’ thoughts were consideration of natural rights, and illustrated the kind of government best capable of protecting the rights of the people. They recognized that a person’s inclination towards self-protection, freedom, and selfishness would primarily come into conflict with the opposing needs of other people. Therefore, these philosophers maintained that the best type of government is one which balances the selfish needs of the human beings with the need of self-protection. The speculative thought that too much liberty can be terrible for an organized society was confirmed by the U. S government during the years of the Articles of Confederation. A shoddy amalgamation of independent states, as well as, the national government was provided by the articles. A specific legislative body was considered for the positioning of the articles. Affairs relating to the mutual defense were discussed and decided by the bestowed powers on this legislative body, which has been referred as the Congress. The creation of a strong central government has been fearfully taken like the Great Britain, a significant power with the state governments has been placed by the delegates, and national government has been restricted with the powers greatly. Lack of power for the enforcement of law, funds collection, trade regulation, and uniform judgment’s provision has been responsible for the hampering of the Congress. What is more, many intuitive leaders identified that the self-centeredness of the states would ultimately break the union and they also recognized that the Articles of Confederation presented no legal means to stop this collapse. States had clashes with each other over land, commerce regulations, and imposts against nearby states. States set up relations with foreign nations and declined to send tax money to Congress. The Virginia legislature called a delegate for the production of uniformity in trade, as well as, in the commerce. The meeting was meant for the discussion of uniform trade regulations with the interested delegates from the different states. In spite of the small presence of states at the Annapolis Convention, the meeting motivated states to hold another meeting for the explicit reason of modifying the Articles of Confederation. Sufficient power was not within a weak central government for the provision of security and protection of the civil liberties of individuals, as assumed by the delegates with the help of guidance from the Article of Confederation experience. Therefore, the delegates decided to entirely abolish the old system. The convention presented a new plan of government at the end of the summer of 1787, which was titled the U. S. Constitution. A strong central government was requested by this manuscript, in which all the other state governments will depend on this authoritative body and laws will be enforced, judged, and legislated by the bestowed powers to this body. The document was highly praised by the Federalists for the creation of energy in a centralized body. However, it was feared by the Anti-federalists that their rights and liberties would be infringed by the new plan. Strong and rational justifications were provided for each choice of the Constitution Convention by the Federalist papers. Citizens were also persuaded by the papers that greater protection could be provided by the government for the people, if the hands of people will be placed with less power. Although the concern about ratification of the U. S. Constitution in the New York state by Alexander Hamilton was originated with the document, ratification of the Constitution and its related essays were supported by the arguments of leaders in many states. Since the role of delegates to the Constitutional Convention was played by both Hamilton and Madison, the name Publius was used for all the published essays. As a large part for the constructing of document was done by the arguments, criticism as a subjective by these arguments was felt by them. Even after nine out of thirteen state approvals were received by the Constitution, two of the most powerful states, the New York and Virginia continued their struggle for the ratification. Technically, ratification of New York or Virginia did not have any effect on the Constitution. However the writing down the federalist essays was not a futile assignment, even though the Constitution turned out to be successful without New York’s support. While an effort was made by them for the persuasion of the American audience, an opportunity was received by them for being associated with the first federal republic. A distinctive political philosophy was conveyed successfully by the Publius. Practice was possible, and philosophical theories and historical examples instituted this philosophy. Moist importantly, the experience during the accomplishment of the balance between order and freedom was the bases of this philosophy. â€Å"The Federalist Papers reflect the end of an era in America, a chapter that began with the Mayflower Compact of 1620 and the various covenants, declarations, and state constitutions that followed, and culminated in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. During that period of more than a century and a half, American political thought was formulated and tried, and arguments were rehearsed and refined in press, pulpit, and legislative chamber, often to express opposition to the British crown, but also to give an expanding country a workable government. It was against such a background that The Federalist Papers emerged, combining the traits Robert A. Ferguson ascribes to the Constitution: generic strength, manipulative brilliance, cunning restraint, and practical eloquence. † The essays presented in The Federalists are fundamental and ground-breaking statements of sound rational political thought, which carefully progress ahead the essential thoughts mentioned by theorists Hume, Locke, and Montesquieu. Rather than radically deposing off the old theory and practice, the authors of the Constitution cautiously studied it and took its finest aspects and gave them a new meaning altogether. The essays of the Federalists had more life and were more strongly remembered than material written by Marx, Lenin, Mao, Castro, or Metternich. If there would have been no credible arguments against the proposed constitution then there would have been no need for the intense material of The Federalist. And, if there would have been no Federalist then understanding the Constitution would have been significantly reduced. The Constitution is a concise manuscript which is not suitable for an argument or for an explanation. The Federalist makes us understand the minds of the creators. Madison commented that The Federalist offers â€Å"the most authentic exposition of the text of the Federal Constitution, as understood by the Body which prepared and the authority which accepted it. † The Federalist justifies why the authors found the Articles of Confederation unacceptable; why they wanted to separate the powers of the government’s branches; why they split the national legislature into two different houses; why they thought that a federal court for the final appeal was desirable and necessary; why they banned titles of nobility; why they said that a bill of rights was a needless addition, and why a lot of other permissions and prohibitions were written into the Constitution or excludes completely. â€Å"As a contribution to the ratification debate, The Federalist is an extended exercise in exposition, explanation, and persuasion. As a work of political theory, then, The Federalist flies fairly close to the ground, rarely soaring into the stratosphere of philosophical abstraction. † Articles of Confederation If the Articles of Confederation would not have failed then there would have been no Constitution and surely no Federalist Papers. After two centuries it is not easy to picture the hectic state of America in the post revolutionary era. There was so much going on. America won a war but still the eastern seaboard was susceptible to attackers. Then the economy was weighed down by numerous currencies and tariffs, the state governments were bankrupt, and the central government was only central in name. Everything was hap hazard and nothing was going right. Since 1776 till 1787 America was an uncontrolled union of states which were ruled by the Articles of Confederation, which had a serious defect and that was the individual states had power and that power remained with them. The central government was just there to be called central. It could do nothing. It could neither increase revenues nor pass and ratify legislation necessary for independent states. To pass laws, nine votes out of thirteen states were necessary and an undisputed and agreed by all votes was essential to effect any basic change in the Articles. Making a central government with such weakness was deliberate because the American colonists had angrily rejected the British crown’s authority to control trade and collect taxes. The governmental body created under the Articles of Confederation was basically immobilized, and there was no executive or judicial branch as well. What is more, the thirteen states had distinct political and commercial concerns and therefore a brief duration of artificial harmony among these states proved to be unsuccessful in producing a nationalized identity. What is surprising is that nine states had navies; seven printed their own currency, and the majority had tariff and customs laws. Also, New York was charging duties on ships transporting firewood or farm produce to and from neighboring states such as, New Jersey and Connecticut. When the soldiers mentioned that â€Å"New Jersey is our country,† they were endorsing the prevailing emotions of other states. The insolvent state governments also contributed largely to the political turmoil of the 1780s. Hamilton harshly attacked the Articles of Confederation when he stated in Federalist No. 9 that the states promoted â€Å"little, jealous, clashing, tumultuous commonwealths, the wretched nurseries of unceasing discord. † Madison when writing Federalist No. 10 had the insolvent states in mind as well because he portrays the requirement to â€Å"secure the national

Johns Keys to Success Idiomatic Story

John's Keys to Success Idiomatic Story Here is a story about an accomplished businessman and happily gave advice to young people whom he mentored. Youll find idiom definitions and a short quiz on some of the expressions at the end of the story.  Try reading the story one time to understand the gist without using the idiom definitions. On your second reading, use the definitions to help you understand the text while learning new idioms. Johns Keys to Success John is an incredibly accomplished and successful businessman. As such, he is quite popular as a mentor. He enjoys showing young professionals the ropes. The first thing he says is that his career has certainly not always been smooth sailing. In fact, he learned a number of lessons along the way. First and foremost, John said, dont believe that success is ever mana from heaven. He said that everyone he had met had a similar rags to riches story, and that a lot of hard work had gone into the success. John believes in hard work, but also in recognizing the right opportunities. Its absolutely essential to never spread yourself too thin John advised. If you have too many irons in the fire, youll certainly miss out on real opportunity he continued. Ive seen people as busy as a bee who never really seem to do anything he pointed out. The more I thought about this advice, the more I understood what he was saying. If you put on your thinking cap, youll realize that its impossible to really concentrate if you have to worry about fifty different things. Another important lesson was that its important to know which side your bread is buttered on and make sure to give that activity your full attention. In other words, you need to ride the gravy train. Dont start looking for new challenges if everything is working out for the best! John stressed that the most important ability of any successful entrepreneur was to have the presence of mind to not only take advantage of an opportunity but also to keep your eye on the ball. Some people are quick on the uptake, but then they get bored. Its important to be consistent, but not spread yourself too thin. Finally, make sure to never show your hand to your opponents. In any case, thats how to be successful according to John. Idioms Used in the Story smooth sailing an easy life with no problemsknow which side ones bread is buttered on to understand what is most important for oneselfride the gravy train to make money by doing something that is already proven to be successfulkeep ones eye on the ball to concentrate and continue doing wellmana from heaven surprise richesfrom rags to riches from poor to richshow someone the ropes to explain and show by example how something is done properlyas busy as a bee very busy (also busy as a beaver)work out for the best to end with the best possible resultquick on the uptake to understand very quicklyhave the presence of mind to do something to be aware and able to grasp an opportunityshow ones hand to show others what advantages you have in a situationput on ones thinking cap to concentratespread oneself too thin to do too many thingshave too many irons in the fire to do too many things Idioms Quiz My friend is as ________________ these days. He never gets time to relax.Weve been lucky in life. Its been _____________ since the very beginning.  Im sure the situation will improve. It will _________________.You need to ____________________ for this problem. It requires a lot of concentration.Alan ___________________ during the negotiations for the business deal.Franklin went from ________________ in his life. He started with nothing and ended up a very rich person.Some artists are lucky and have a huge hit early in life. Then they ______________________ for many years afterwards.My boss _________ me ______________ at work because it was my first week. Quiz Answers busy as a beesmooth sailingwork out for the bestput on your thinking capshowed his handrags to richesride the gravy trainshowed me the ropes More Idioms and Expressions in Context Stories Learn more expressions using stories with one or more of these further  idioms in context stories with quizzes. Its important to learn and use idioms in context. Of course, idioms are not always easy to understand. There are  idiom and expression resources  that can help with definitions, but reading them in short stories can also provide context that make them come more alive.

List of the 47 Prefectures of Japan by Area

List of the 47 Prefectures of Japan by Area Japan is an island nation located in eastern Asia in the Pacific Ocean. It is to the east of China, Russia, North Korea and South Korea. Japan is an archipelago that is made up of over 6,500 islands, the largest of which are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu,  and Shikoku. It is one of the worlds largest countries by population and it has one of the largest economies in the world due to its many international companies and highly advanced technologies. Because of Japans large size, it is divided into 47 different prefectures for local administration (map). Prefectures in Japan are the highest level of government that an area can have as it is right below the federal government. They are similar to the 50 states of the United States and the 28 states of India or the provinces of Canada. Each prefecture has its own governor and they are subdivided into districts and municipalities. The following is a list of Japans prefectures by area. For reference, capital cities have also been included. 1) HokkaidoArea: 32,221 square miles (83,452 sq km)Capital: Sapporo2) IwateArea: 5,899 square miles (15,278 sq km)Capital: Morioka3) FukushimaArea: 5,321 square miles (13,782 sq km)Capital: Fukushima City4) NaganoArea: 4,864 square miles (12,598 sq km)Capital: Nagano5) NiigataArea: 4,857 square miles (12,582 sq km)Capital: Niigata6) AkitaArea: 4,483 square miles (11,612 sq km)Capital: Akita7) GifuArea: 4,092 square miles (10,598 sq km)Capital: Gifu8) AomoriArea: 3,709 square miles (9,606 sq km)Capital: Aomori9) YamagataArea: 3,599 square miles (9,323 sq km)Capital: Yamagata10) KagoshimaArea: 3,526 square miles (9,132 sq km)Capital: Kagoshima11) HiroshimaArea: 3,273 square miles (8,477 sq km)Capital: Hiroshima12) HyogoArea: 3,240 square miles (8,392 sq km)Capital: Kobe13) ShizuokaArea: 2,829 square miles (7,328 sq km)Capital: Shizuoka14) MiyagiArea: 2,813 square miles (7,285 sq km)Capital: Sendai15) KochiArea: 2,743 square miles (7,104 sq km)Capital: Kochi16) OkayamaArea: 2,706 square miles (7,008 sq km)Capital: Okayama17) KumamotoArea: 2,667 square miles (6,908 sq km)Capital: Kumamoto18) ShimaneArea: 2,589 square miles (6,707 sq km)Capital: Matsue19) MiyazakiArea: 2,581 square miles (6,684 sq km)Capital: Miyazaki20) TochigiArea: 2,474 square miles (6,408 sq km)Capital: Utsunomiya21) GunmaArea: 2,457 square miles (6,363 sq km)Capital: Maebashi22) YamaguchiArea: 2,359 square miles (6,111 sq km)Capital: Yamaguchi23) IbarakiArea: 2,353 square miles (6,095 sq km)Capital: Mito24) OitaArea: 2,241 square miles (5,804 sq km)Capital: Oita25) MieArea: 2,224 square miles (5,761 sq km)Capital: Tsu26) EhimeArea: 2,191 square miles (5,676 sq km)Capital: Matsuyama27) ChibaArea: 1,991 square miles (5,156 sq km)Capital: Chiba28) AichiArea: 1,990 square miles (5,154 sq km)Capital: Nagoya29) FukuokaArea: 1,919 square miles (4,971 sq km)Capital: Fukuoka30) WakayamaArea: 1,824 square miles (4,725 sq km)Capital: Wakayama31) KyotoArea: 1,781 square miles (4,613 sq km)Capital: Kyoto32) YamanashiArea: 1,724 square miles (4,465 sq km)Capital: Kofu33) ToyamaArea: 1,640 square miles (4,247 sq km)Capital: Toyama34) FukuiArea: 1,617 square miles (4,189 sq km)Capital: Fukui35) IshikawaArea: 1,616 square miles (4,185 sq km)Capital: Kanazawa36) TokushimaArea: 1,600 square miles (4,145 sq km)Capital: Tokushima37) NagasakiArea: 1,580 square miles (4,093 sq km)Capital: Nagasaki38) ShigaArea: 1,551 square miles (4,017 sq km)Capital: Otsu39) SaitamaArea: 1,454 square miles (3,767 sq km)Capital: Saitama40) NaraArea: 1,425 square miles (3,691 sq km)Capital: Nara41) TottoriArea: 1,354 square miles (3,507 sq km)Capital: Tottori42) SagaArea: 942 square miles (2,439 sq km)Capital: Saga43) KanagawaArea: 932 square miles (2,415 sq km)Capital: Yokohama44) OkinawaArea: 877 square miles (2,271 sq km)Capital: Naha45) TokyoArea: 844 square miles (2,187 sq km)Capital: Shinjuku46) OsakaArea: 731 square miles (1,893 sq km)Capital: Osaka47) KagawaArea: 719 square miles (1,862 sq km)Capital: Ta kamatsuSources:Wikipedia.org. Prefectures of Japan - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Communication - Essay Example A further claim that â€Å"empathy is a form of interpersonal communication† (Jemczura, 2004) is justified and can be a starting point for further discussion of empathy. In accordance with Rogers, if empathy happens, then a system of reference of another man is clearly understood by his interlocutor. The way an individual feels emotions or express them, his attitude to a certain situation can be defined via empathy. Empathy can be efficient in the process of interpersonal communication via verbal means. Moreover, external conditions and physical signals expressing empathy of one interlocutor can prepossess another one to him. Thus empathy is an effective means of interpersonal communication though it requires additional knowledge about a correct behavior in the process of expressing it. Currently, empathy is an important aspect not only for interpersonal communication, but also in conflict management on political, cultural and social levels. For example, American counselors and psychotherapists treat their clients implementing Western Euro-American values. Nevertheless, it is relevant to refer to cultural peculiarities of different nations in order to work out effective system of consulting and treatment (Jemczura, 2004). There are not many studies and researches in this field. Cross-cultural psychological peculiarities should be properly studied in order to reach consensus with a client of any nation. The fact that professional consulting and psychotherapy are of high relevance in the modern world, it is possible to claim that in majority of cases people visit consultants and psychotherapists to feel support and empathy. Thus every nation, cultural minority or cultural sub-group has its own system of reference. For example, Western and Eastern women have different attitudes to their partners or husbands. In order to put up family conflicts of Eastern women it wouldn’t be relevant to implement Western Euro-American values. Thus

Interpret the legal factors involved in corporate management and Essay - 1

Interpret the legal factors involved in corporate management and ownership - Essay Example For instance, share holders can sue the board of directors for an act they negligently commit or in breach of set By-laws. Jane, who is a share holder, is aggrieved by the boards’ decision to invest heavily in the company’s growth in negligent reliance on its officer’s financial reports. It is therefore important to establish whether the directors are liable or not while giving reasons for or against this assertion. In establishing liability, the most important consideration is whether the management acted within their authority or not which is derived from the company’s By-laws. This is the main reference in case of any conflict. However, there are general duties expected of officers which seem inherent in all corporations. Directors or officers to any Corporation are expected to perform daily duties with loyalty and obedience. â€Å"Among the daily duties of such workers include strategic planning, putting in place internal controls to ensure proper book keeping, implementing any devised strategies and setting up committees† (Whincup, 1998). The above case reveals a kind of directors who present faulty financial reports and the shareholder on full reliance of the reports incurs considerable losses. The directors in this question acted within their authority since book keeping falls within their job specification. However, they can be discharged from this liability if they can show that they acted in good faith and not in a fraudulent manner. This comes in especially where other persons acted on their behalf. They are however still liable since the acts were committed by their agents. The business judgment rule can be a good defense for the officers. â€Å"The rule immunizes corporate management from liability for actions that are undertaken in good faith, when the actions are within both the power of the corporation and the authority of the management† (Miller, 2011). From the foregoing, the