Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Banking - Essay ExampleNot only the indispensable rating, provided also the governance and the quality of risk management allow be a major factor in being able to use internal ratings as a basis for calculating regulatory capital requirements.National supervisors will authorise firms to use one of the internal-ratings based approaches on a causal agency by case basis. Basel II also introduces capital requirements for operational risk, a risk category that was not explicitly addressed under the Basel I rules.To a large extent, the proposed Basel II was in response to widespread criticism of Basel I. But it also reflected additional thought and analysis of the role of bank capital regulation. In particular, Basel II added two new pillars - supervisory review (pillar 2) and market discipline (pillar 3) - to the single pillar of stripped-down capital requirement of Basel I. In response to public comments, the Committee revised its proposal twice and issued a third consultative pape r (CP3) in early 2003. If approved, the proposed standards are scheduled for implementation in around countries at the beginning of 2007. In preparation, in August 2003, U.S. regulators circulated an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR) for the application of Basel II to U.S. banks for public comment by the end of the year, and the major features affirm been incorporated by the European Union in a proposed revision of its Capital Adequacy Directive (CAD) for financial institutions, for approval by the European fan tan and the member national parliaments before adoptionA key feature of the New Accord, as noted above, is that it is structured on the basis of three pillars (1) tug 1. Minimum capital requirements for market credit and operational risk (2) Pillar 2. Supervisory review process and (3) Pillar 3. Market discipline These pillars are mesh and mutually reinforcing. For example, the use of the more sophisticated approaches to credit or operational risk will bring a dditional disclosure requirements under Pillar 3, and will affect the nature of the supervisory review conducted under Pillar 2.Pillar 1 - Minimum capital requirements Under Basel II, the definition of regulatory capital as tumesce as the minimum required ratio of 8% of risk-weighted as rounds remains substantially unchanged from the Basel I Accord2. The treatment of position risk arising from trading activities as set out in the 1996 Amendment of Basel I Accord also remains substantially un-changed, although significant changes are proposed to the treatment of counterparty credit risk that have been discussed in a joint working group established by the Basel Committee and the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). The principal modifications relate to the methodology for calculating risk-weighted assets categories, credit and operational risk. The minimum capital requirements and methods used to measure the risks faced by banks, as defined under Pillar 1 of the Basel II Ac-cord, are given in the paragraphs below. acknowledgment Risk Pillar 1Three methods for calculating credit risk capital are offered. In order of increasing sophistication and risk

Uses of Statistical information Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Uses of Statistical information - Research Paper ExampleUses of Statistical informationIn the workplaces, statistical compend of research surveys and questionnaires, presentations involving histograms, bar charts and the like argon all too common and forecasting and projection of results is the core competence of the company thus making the statistics the aliveness and blood of the company. According to the official definition as developed by (American Marketing Association (AMA), 2008) Marketing research is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the vender through information - information used to identify and define market opportunities and problems generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions monitor marketing performance and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications. What is one example of descriptive statistics used in your workplace? Descriptive Statistics are used as a means to summarize the data cast and are used to present the data set quantitatively. Examples include the use of histograms, box plots, cross tabulation techniques and measures of central tendency. The characteristics of these statistics make them vital to any form of data set.In marketing research for example, a survey might require a certain ratio of respondents to be men and the other to be female. Thus, the proportion of males and females among the respondents becomes of utmost importance to the research project. Depending on the requirement of the research, the proportion of male and female gives a lot of information regarding the objectives of the survey. This information can also be used to establish correlations with other factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as brand loyalty, factors influencing decisio n making and household size among others. This information can also be used to differentiate between the responses of males and the females and aid in making inferences about the study in the latter stages of the research. What is one example of inferential statistics used in your workplace? Inferential statistics are used to piddle a conclusion about a population from a sample. In the case of marketing research firms, the researchers have to analyze survey results and inferential statistics are vital in drawing important conclusions from the results of the research. For example, while evaluating the threat of rival products for a certain product X it was concluded through surveys that only 30% of the people will switch over to a rival product in the next 6 months. Another example of inferential statistics could relate to customer preferences in terms of lumber where the results show that 65% of customers purchase a certain brand of cooking oil because they find it to be of the be st quality which 30% do so because they find it to be the most affordable. These examples clearly depict how inferential statistics help draw conclusions after the results of various studies have been hive away and analyzed. How is data at each of the four levels of measurement used in your workplace? If your workplace does not use all four levels, describe how such data could be used. Marketing research makes use of data at each of t

Peer To Peer Multimedia Streaming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Peer To Peer Multimedia Streaming - Essay ExampleHowever, the change magnitude in the number of viewers, along with the rise in a number of other online applications, has made this architecture ineffective because of bandwidth bottleneck issues. One solution introduced to take in this problem is peer to peer (P2P) technology, wherein peers automatically relay streams to other peers. The P2P network they are connected to performs an algorithm that helps peers nd a relay for a specied stream to connect to.In multimedia streaming service, the important factors to observe are playing time and network bandwidth utilization. The purpose of this report is to present a solution to these issues. The proposal is to utilize P2P caching service that exploits the proximity of connected clients, i.e. the temporal and spatial locality of cached streams to the clients. In this scheme, connected peer clients not only pay back multimedia streams from a server but also send cached streams to peer cl ients like a proxy server upon request. One P2P technology that can nominate this architecture is called inter-overlay optimization.Figure 1 shows the different approaches employed in multimedia streaming starting from the centralized client-server topology to decentralized schemes, which includes IP multicast and P2P solutions. P2P can be further sub-divided into mesh-based, tree-based and hybrid overlays.Each peer can accept media data from multiple advances as well as provide services to multiple children (both parent and child are relative terms in place of master-slave relationship). The advantages of this solution are high resource utilization and fast discovery of fresh peers in a single mesh due to gossiping. The disadvantages are quality of service cannot be guaranteed due to gossiping among peers and large buffer space needed to tighten up the impact of autonomy of peers (in a dynamic environment). Example applications are Coolstreaming, Promise, and GNUStream.Each peer communicates only with one parent (per overlay) and provides service to a number of children much(prenominal) that a tree topology is always maintained (in an overlay). The advantages of this solution are closely resembles original IP multicast ideas and low management overhead.

Critical Analysis of studies regarding Austim and whether vaccinations Essay

Critical Analysis of studies regarding Austim and whether vaccinations be the cause - Essay Examplethe disorder is not been linked to ignorance or carelessness but is linked to MMR vaccination, which is used to immunize children against measles, mumps and rubella. It is hypothesized that since 1980, when the vaccinations was made available to people from all the classes in the society, the development in autism has increased advantageously (KNOW. . ., n.d., para 5). Not only that, but because of this hypothesis, parents are concerned about the reliability of the vaccination to such an extend that even the scientific studies contradicting this hypothesis are not helping to develop trust in safety of vaccines. There are numerous studies conducted by scientists and researchers to find if MMR vaccine causes development of autism and most of the studies pass on found no evidence of relationship between MMR vaccine and increase in riskiness of developing autism.Smeeth et al., in their article MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders a case-control study, describe a study conducted to find out if there was any relationship between the MMR vaccine and the increase in the risk of autism. The intention of the study was to see if MMR vaccine causes autism (Smeeth et al., 2004, p.963). The method that was used to study if an increase in risk of autism or other PDDs is associated with MMR vaccine was a case control method(Smeeth et al., 2004, p.963). The data of the population for study was taken from UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD), which was set up in 1987. The strength of this study was the accessibility of the data that consisted of electronic clinical records of the patients registered with all the practices in England and Wales and hence, was not limited (Smeeth et al., 2004, p.963). The data also

Critos Reason to Escape Prison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critos Reason to Escape Prison - Assignment ExampleCrito conceptualizes that no one would believe that he actually gave out money for Socrates to escape, but Socrates declined and according to him, there is no any other disgrace than being considered as a psyche who values money compared to a friend.Critos reason for convincing Socrates to escape prison in order to avoid the death penalty is driven by the fact that he cannot believe that Socrates is justified in betraying his own life when he can be saved. Crito asserts that Socrates betraying own life is akin to betraying his own children (Plato, n.d.). This is because he is choosing to leave them when he can bring them up and play a role in educating them. He challenges Socrates by saying that nobody should bring by children when they are not willing to persevere until the end to educate and nurture them into responsible people.Socrates listens keenly to Crito before giving him reasons that counter his arguments. First and forem ost, he tells Crito that he fears that Crito and his other friends may get into trouble with the informers for helping him escape. Additionally, helping him to escape will make them lose their entire or a huge get going of their property or they may even face worse evil.In as much as Crito tries to convince him that they are willing to go to the thorough to ensure that he escapes, Socrates is exceptionally adamant. He gives Crito several premises and asks him whether he is right by saying that opinions of some people are to be cherished and opinions others is not to be valued. In saying this, he was telling Crito not to value the opinion of people who will consider him as a soul who values wealth as opposed to friendship (Plato, n.d.). According to Socrates, the opinions of such people are the ones to be considered as opinions that do not matter.

Philosophy and Social Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy and Social Justice - Essay ExampleAccording to the report findings unemployment usually happens when employers do not give a chance to people who are mere undergraduates to prove themselves at work, or when there is no one who y helps others rent a job. A exactly society is not one where people would only selfishly think that each one should struggle for himself. A just society is where people struggle not only for themselves but for others as well. Lastly, racism only exists if there is a selfish view that ones race is more superior to another. In short, the just society that I imagine is one without selfishness.As the discussion stresses the philosophy of Confucius is the means to achieve my idea of a just society. According to Confucius, If the people be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of honor and respect, and besides will become good.This philosophy known as ethical humanism is one where what is being drawn out is the natural kindness in people. This philosophy is based on the idea of Ren, a humane principle rooted in empathy and feeling for others.This means that society operates by learning the rules of propriety. If much(prenominal) rules are learned, what happens is that the people who learn these rules naturally develop honor and respect for themselves and for each other.If this philosophy of Confucius is taught to and instilled in the youth of the society, this society will most seeming become what is ideally just.

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan Research Paper

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan - Research Paper Example(US Bureau of Census 2008) I will call in these two cultures separately in this paper but that both would be examined through the same disputations as demonstrated by the concept maps previously drafted. The parameter worked around three issues. These are education, family traditions and political background. I believe that these factors collectively characterize the wider heathen characteristics of the subject cultures. In regard to education, it varies through time and crosswise cultures and so, it is necessary in establishing the cultural background of an ethnic group. Family traditions, meanwhile, reflect the way of life of the ethnic groups and, hence, demonstrate their culture. Finally, the political background was included in allege to determine the minorities views on social issues in the context of their way of lives. These three vari fitteds characterize the cultural dimensions required in order fo r me to achieve my objectives.The methods employed for the search of sources used is a mix of first-hand interview, first-hand sources from government publications and research of second-hand sources from available literature such as books, journal and magazine. In regard to internet sources, the keywords used in the research include Michigan demographics, Michigan Native Americans, Michigan education statistics, and Michigan voters profile. The main search engine used was Google.I think the near important sources would be the government data from the US Bureau of Census as they represent the holistic status of the both the ethnic groups demography and cultural background. Because of this, it became easier to compare specific characteristics. The first-hand sources and interviews are also important because they allowed me to confirm and experience the major findings of the research. Because of this I was able to synthesize all the information that I was able to collect from all th e relevant literature