Research Methodology Social Media

Question: Discuss about theResearch Methodology for Social Media. Answer: Literature Review Introduction Social media is a series of computer-mediated tools that are used by various parties for connections and socialization. These tools have been developed from time to time to fit the needs of the users (companies, individuals among other organizations). The core aim of social media was to manage relationships among before but because of the competitiveness of the society, the platform has been of much importance to the community. It has also been used in creating virtual communities where people can share information and managing the marketing of products and services among other tasks. Due to its diversity, a lot of research has been undertaken to scrutinize its impacts in the society. In these research works, different approaches (qualitative, quantitative or mixed method) have been used to analyze the data and make respective conclusions. Examples of journal articles will be described before, which focuses on the issue of social media in the contemporary society. Connecting with Others Connecting with others is an article that has been published by Patrick Wayne, Geneva Gray and Mary Kate Reese from Geneva University. They focused on the usage of online social networking for creating of connections between various people who have differing objectives. In addition, the authors were aiming at identifying various effects of social media usage to the users. Therefore, through this research, it was expected that the consequences of social media would be identified after various observations and data analysis. The usage of social media differs with the time a person spends on the networking sites. Some individuals are said to be heavy users because of the addition, thus spending most of their times on their social sites such as Facebook and Twitter account. However, connecting with others is an article whose purpose was to make the audience understand the in-depth effects of heavy users of social media to their lives. It was found that all the people who participated in the survey supported that the objective of social media in to enhance relationships and online connections. For instance, one of the respondents stated that social media helps in connecting with many people on the same platform. The online connection was enhanced by the inefficient offline connections between people. Some others stated social media could help them develop offline events. In addition, some stated that isolation drew them to the usage of social media that helped them keep busy evade boredom. Use of social media affects the moods of the users depending on the responses of the posts. This is based on the responses of the participants of the survey who also responded differently concerning their frequency of use. This article recommends future research to pro vide more in-depth research about impacts of social networking use in several ways (Powell, Gray, Reese, 2013). Crises and Social Media Crises and Social Media is an article that was developed by creating a meta-study research aimed at analyzing the use of social networking in communication crisis. Data used was obtained from other academic resources such as research projects and published articles for the last decade. The Period ensured that the data used was valid, and the level of certainty was high. This article would provide a rationale for the use of social media as a communication channel during crisis and emergencies. A qualitative methodology was used by analyzing other articles published in the field of communication and social media (Wetzstein, Grubmuller-Regent, Gotsch, Rainer, 2014). From the statistical analysis, it was found that the largest percentages of the texts analyzed focused on communication and media (83.3%) followed by computer-scientific (6.1%) and interdisciplinary texts that covered 4.5%. It was found that several texts were used for communication for various crisis situations. These crises occasions include natural calamities, health crises, terrorism and human error among others. It was found that there is a great need for enhancing the efforts of circulating information and using the available channels such as social media effectively. Social Media Effects on College Students As the technology continues to improve, many of its positive impacts on the society are being observed. Wei Chen, Qingya Wang and Yu Liang undertook a quantitative study focusing on the impacts of social media usage to the college students. This study involved a random sample size of 48 individual that included 26 males and 22 females. 65% of the participants were graduates, and 35% were undergraduate students of Johnson and Wales University. Most of the participants liked Facebook more than the other social sites such as Skype, Twitter, and MySpace. Almost half of the population admitted that they used around 6-8 hours on social sites, 23% spent more than 8hours and 30% spend less than four hours of their time in a day. Because of the anonymous time used on social media sites, the habit affected their academic performance and grades. Undertaking academic activities such as doing homework was not effectively performed. Educators are supposed to find better ways of dealing with the perceived problems of social media usage. Future research should find out if the use of social sites has positive impacts in academics and study (Wang, Chen, Liang, 2011). Use of Social Media in Emergency Leila Martini undertook a research study that used both qualitative and quantitative approaches that were performed in two phases. The study was aimed at the management of crisis and disaster management that has been affected by the development of technologies in mobile phones leading to increased use of social media. The quantitative approach was undertaken through National Emergency Management Association (NEMA) instrument that has been developed in 2012. In the second phase, a qualitative sample was selected in accordance to the quantitative segment. It was found that the use of social media in Florida was not mature enough to undertake social media in emergency cases. However, the system was evolving and making use of the existence of social networking as a method of communication and resolving the crisis. It was recommended that social media policies should be developed and more conferences and programs attended (Martini, 2014). Conclusion Social media has been of great importance in the society by helping in social developments. The community has been able to undertake other tasks such as communication and marketing through the social media platforms. This has been a technological development that needed to be embraced because its profitability is greater than the negative effects. The discussed article gives more information about social media and its use in the society. References Martini, L. (2014). Monitoring and Use of Social Media In Emergency Management In Florida. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6569context=etd Powell, P., Gray, G., Reese, M. (2013). A Qualitative Study of Online Social Networking Site Usage. Connecting With Others, 2, 52-67. Retrieved from https://www.thepractitionerscholar.com/article/download/11637/7985 Wang, Q., Chen, W., Liang, Y. (2011). The Effects of Social Media on College Students, 2-10. Retrieved from https://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004context=mba_student Wetzstein, I., Grubmuller-Regent, V., Gotsch, K., Rainer, K. (2014). Crises and Social Media: A Metastudy on Pertinent Research and Practice. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments, 10(2), 95-124. https://dx.doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201411203312

Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application

The biofuel has brought a large impact to the economic world based on various sectors. This perhaps could have been due to its broad usage over the recent years. This is especially after the farmers took a step on improved farming skills to come up with significant exploration on biofuels. Some of this impacts brought about by the biofuels are numerous.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recent rise in corn price has brought massive losses to the processors of the biofuels since they have to incur other expenses as they convert to a finished product. Therefore, this has resulted in increased final price to the consumer. Some of the impacts that have brought about more use of the biofuel in the current world have led to the replacement of the liquid oil from 1-2% recently1. Secondly, it has reduced price expenses with a range between 2 -4%, which is due to its stiff competition with the other oil fuels. Thirdly, it has saved the consumers by approximately $60 billion globally. This is due to its reduced cost which has enabled the consumers to save more than what they have been incurring before the price reduction. Fourthly, after its magnificent exploration it has brought about its large demand in the market. Essentially, this resulted in price increase of between 16-40%. Lastly, it brought about its use since it was explored unlike beginning before it came into its full use. This has shown that 12% of the corn output was in biofuels2. The developments in agriculture and conversion technology might influence the demand for biofuels. This is because of the same forces which bring about an increase in demand for fuel and food. The low output by the personnel in charge of production may bring about price escalation. This is due to high fuel demand with reduced production, which cannot sustain the market demand. Moreo ver, when there is low stock in the market and there demand is outweighing the supply; it also leads to price increase. This is because of competition by the consumers rushing for the limited stock in the market3. Some of the effects that have been brought about by the increased competition in the oil market include increased demand for biofuels. This also led to increases demand and price of crops such as corn. This has brought huge impacts on food prices, which have been accumulating over the period.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has brought a shortage leading to a decline in supply hence enhancing a push in prices. Slight changes in supply could have led to tremendous effects. Moreover, it is noted that the use of biofuel has increased from 16 % to 40% inception4. An increase in price of crops and a decrease in the price of fuel on a low income person will force the consumer to forego the fuel and go for food. This will make the consumer substantiate the amount of money used in buying fuel to derive utility on food due to increase in food prices. The consumer will tend to have less demand on fuel, but the demand of the food will shoot up creating an increase in food price. This will cause a shift in the demand curve of food to a higher level. Also, it will result in movement of supply of food demanded towards the origin point of the X-axis. All this is because the consumer will not bother on biofuels. This is because consumers will have to give the first preference to the food before everything else5. This will shift the equilibrium upwards due to food demand increase effect. This indicates that the person on a low income level would prefer to invest in food crop rather than the biofuel crops like corn. This is because the person may feel that investing in food crop would reduce the cost. This is because the individual is not in a position to incur much on biofuel which he or she may not need it at all6. Basing on the same models and concepts relating to a person who spends a relatively small portion of her income on food, the consequences of the changes in the price levels will still vary. This is brought about by the fact that the person has no problem in buying food. This is due to high income level exhibited by the consumer7. Therefore, this does not limit the consumer in purchasing the good regardless of the price increase. Nonetheless, the consumer will have to cut down the consumption of biofuel so as to compensate the cost incurred due to food price increase. This will bring a slight change in the demand curve of biofuel.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, biofuel demand will decrease, but the demand for food will remain unchanged. The supply of biofuel will decrease in the mean time before the consumer adjusts to the normal equilibrium8. This is all achieved by the introduction of equivalent variation that will bring the consumer back to the original consumption point in the equilibrium level. On the other hand, the same person who is spending little amount on food will spend most of his or her income in plating fuel crops like corn in return. This is due to a high rate of return while investing in biofuel rather than planting food crops of limited economic value to the individual. In a general sense, the person of high income will invest on biofuel, and not on food crops9. The price will change from Po to P1 due to the Quantity change from Q0 to Q1. The possible government policy response to the raised issues in parts A and B could help solve some of these problems encountered by consumers or the producers. Some of these issues affect all people within the system of biofuel. This includes the farmer and the final consumer withou t neglecting the processers and the middle distribution personnel. The farmers may be affected by the climate change or drought hence lowering the production of corn. This will lead to limited supply in the market. In this case, the price of food in the market will go up. This will force the consumers to carry the burden incurred by the processors during the processing stages.10Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cost of producing corn by the farmer, and selling it to the processers will still have to bear a huge cost. This is because during the low production season, the farmer will have to sell them at a high price. In this regard, the middle producers will increase the price of the biofuel in case they were converting it to a fuel. This is because of the raw materials scarcity in the market, which requires them to assemble their output before they convert to the final output.11 Notably, in each and every organization, profit is given the first preference. At last, the consumer will have to bear all the burden cost incurred by the farmers and the final producers in between before it reached them. The farmer has to push the cost of production to the next level due to increase in fertilizer and oil used by tractors in preparing the farm12. Apart from the production cost, there are also other factors like transport cost in oil to the required places. The transportation of oil from the poi nt of production to the consumers will have to be factored in by sellers. This will also bring about the huge burden to the consumers. This might be due to the country based on does not produce the oil within the country13. The other factor is due to increased production of ethanol which requires more of corn to be used as the main raw material. This boosted a great competition in food production hence encouraging high income people to venture much on it. This has also brought about limited land to be used in production of food crops14. The government can intervene to reduce or close the gap so that consumers and the producers are not oppressed. The government should make sure that there is an increase in food availability and biofuels to sustain the whole population basing on the market demand. This will address the needs of the final consumer. This will enable the farmers to meet the reasonable price in production, and ensure the final consumers pay reasonable price in the market. The last policy is that the government should invest in improving technology to enhance production of food and biofuel crops. This will balance the demand and supply in the market. Bibliography Bethune, Pete. Earthrace: Futuristic Adventures On The High Seas. North Shore, N.Z.: Hodder Moa/Hachette Livre, 2007. Brittaine, Richard and NeBambi Lutaladio. Jatropha: a smallholder bioenergy crop. 2010. Accessed from http://www.fao.org/3/i1219e/i1219e.pdf Buchanan, James M. The Demand and Supply of Public Goods, Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty, 2012. Bullis, Kelvin. Record Food Prices Linked to Biofuels. 2011. Accessed from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/424329/record-food-prices-linked-to-biofuels/ Cohen, Marc J., Cristina Tirado, Noora-Lisa Aberman and Brian Thompson. Impact of Climate Change on Bioenergy and Nutrition. n.d. Accessed from http://www.ifpri.org/publication/impact-climate-change-and-bioenergy-nutrition Hawken, Paul, Amory B. Lovins and Hunter Lovins. Nat ural capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution. London: Earthscan, 2005. Heinberg, Richard. The party’s over oil, war and the fate of industrial societies, Gabriola, B.C.: New Society Publisher, 2003. International Council of Shopping Centers. Retail Space Europe: Year book 2008, [S.l.]: International Council of Shopping Centers, 2008. Keeley, Brian and Patrick Love. From Crisis to Recovery The Causes, Course and Consequences of the Great Recession. Paris: OECD, 2010. Kirman, Alan. â€Å"The Intrinsic Limits of Modern Economic Theory: The Emperor has No Clothes†, The Economic Journal, V. 99, N. 395, (1989): pp 126-139 Kotler, Philip and Waldemar A. Pförtsch. B2B brand management with 7 tables, Berlin: Springer, 2006 Mitchell, Donald. Biofuels in Africa opportunities, prospects, and challenges, Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2011. Wrobel, Paulo and Alberto Luiz Pinto Coelho Fonseca. Clean Energy The Brazilian Ethanol Experience. London: Embassy of Brazil, 2006. Zilbe rman, David, Deepak Rajagopal, Steven Sexton and Gal Hochman. Biofuel and the New Economics Of Agriculture. 2008. Accessed from https://www.farmfoundation.org/ Footnotes 1 Zilberman, David; Deepak Rajagopal; Steven Sexton and Gal Hochman. Biofuel and the New Economics Of Agriculture. 2008. 2 Alan Kirman. â€Å"The Intrinsic Limits of Modern Economic Theory: The Emperor has No Clothes†, The Economic Journal, V. 99, N. 395, (1989), p. 127 3Richard Heinberg. The party’s over oil, war and the fate of industrial societies,(Gabriola, B.C.: New Society Publisher, 2003), p. 40 4 Richard Brittaine and NeBambi Lutaladio. Jatropha: a smallholder bioenergy crop. 2010. 5 Philip Kotler and Waldemar A. Pförtsch. B2B brand management with 7 tables,(Berlin: Springer, 2006), p. 299 6James M Buchanan. The Demand and Supply of Public Goods, (Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty, 2012), p. 14. 7 International Council of Shopping Centers. Retail Space Europe: Year book 2008.([ S.l.]: International Council of Shopping Centers, 2008), p. 46 8 Cohen, Marc J., Cristina Tirado, Noora-Lisa Aberman and Brian Thompson. Impact of Climate Change on Bioenergy and Nutrition. n.d. 9 Paulo, Wrobel and Alberto Luiz Pinto Coelho Fonseca. Clean energy the Brazilian ethanol experience, (London: Embassy of Brazil 2006), p. 56 1010 Bullis, Kelvin. Record Food Prices Linked to Biofuels. 2011. 11 Pete Bethune. Earthrace: Futuristic Adventures On The High Seas, (North Shore, N.Z.: Hodder Moa/Hachette Livre, 2007), p. 35 12 Donald Mitchell. Biofuels in Africa opportunities, prospects, and challenges, (Washington, D.C :World Bank, 2011), p. 76 13 Paul, Hawken, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution, (London: Earthscan, 2005), p. 84 14 Brian Keeley and Patrick Love. From Crisis to Recovery the Causes, Course and Consequences of the Great Recession. (Paris: OECD, 2010), p. 46 This essay on Macroeconomic Concepts and Models Application was written and submitted by user Helena P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gillette Fusion Essay Essay Example

Gillette Fusion Essay Essay RecommendationIn order to increase entire gross revenues and put Gillette Fusion on path to be a $ 1 billion concern in the following few old ages. Gillette Fusion should establish a new advertisement run and cut down cartridge bundle monetary values by 20 % with the debut of a erstwhile voucher. Explanation The media’s reaction to the â€Å"blockbuster† advertizement run highlights many of the campaign’s defect. The run focused on the merchandise features instead than its benefits. Due to the ad’s merchandise focal point. Gillette failed to pass on why the extra blades and elastomer grip surfacing improved the quality of consumer’s shaving. The proposed advertisement run would turn to these defects and concentrate on the client experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gillette Fusion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to educate consumers. Gillette should use a mass media run similar to Pepsi’s â€Å"Pepsi Challenge. † This run will include blindfolded persons proving and comparing the Gillette Fusion with several other razors. and will be hosted by a famous person who portions similar trade name qualities as the Fusion. The famous person will be immature. sleek and advanced. like Ashton Kutcher or Dwayne Wade. †¢TV Ad: The telecasting advertizements will include a short debut by the famous person and cartridge holders of clients who have taken the challenge depicting why the Gillette Fusion is superior to its rivals. It should be featured during male-focused scheduling. like featuring events and grownup comedies. †¢Print Ad: The print advertizement will have a image of the famous person next to the razor and several quotation marks from persons who have taken the challenge. It should be featured in men’s manner magazines ( GQ ) . music magazines ( Rolling Stone ) and athleticss magazines ( ESPN. Sports Illustrated ) . †¢Radio Ad: The wireless advertizement will get down with an debut by the famous person depicting why he prefers the Gillette Fusion and so passage to reappraisals by those who have taken the challenge ( i. e. â€Å"The Gillette Fusion is unbelievable because †¦ If you don’t believe me. hear what people who have taken the challenge have to state for themselves †¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) . It should be featured during grownup talk shows ( Howard Stern Show ) and athleticss programming. In order to promote users to buy the merchandise. Gillette should offer a 20 % price reduction on cartridges with the debut of a one clip voucher. Because 64 % of work forces look at the monetary value of the cartridge before buying the corresponding razor. presenting a 20 % price reduction with a erstwhile voucher will promote those consumers weary of the high cartridge monetary values to buy the razor. Once buying and utilizing the razor. it is likely that the consumer will detect a important difference in the quality of shaving. and be willing to pay a higher monetary value for the superior merchandise. This is supported by the fact that of the 9. 000 work forces who tested the new razor. Fusion was preferred 2 to 1 over the competition. For the few who would normally non be willing to pay the higher monetary value for the cartridges. they will probably go on to buy the cartridges because of the shift costs associated with buying a new razor. The voucher should be displayed at points of purchase and in direct mail outs. The former can be achieved by supplying confederates with show allowance. Alternate Schemes Unlike the proposed scheme. each of the alternate schemes fails to at the same time pass on the effectivity of the merchandise and encourage clients weary of the monetary value to buy the merchandise. †¢Lowering the retail monetary value of the razor – This will non promote clients to buy the merchandise because ( a ) 64 % of consumers look at the cartridge monetary value before buying a razor and ( B ) a razor is a erstwhile cost to consumers. with a less snap of demand than cartridges. Besides. without a new advertisement run. they besides will go on non to understand why the merchandise is superior. and more expensive. than its rivals. †¢Reducing cartridge bundle monetary values by altering cartridge bundle size. Reducing the current four cartridge bundle with three cartridge bundles is merely effectual if consumers fail to register the difference in bundle size because the monetary value per cartridge will really increase. Furthermore. this scheme fails to educate consumers on why the merchandise is superior. and more expensive. than its rivals.

Free Essays on Gio Ponti

During the twentieth century, the world of Italian design achieved their identity as the â€Å"design capital of the world†. The evolution of Italian design was equally impacted by the rise of Fascism between the World Wars, the emergence of new ideological approaches towards design, and technological advancements. However, no other element influenced Italy’s national identity more than the work of Gio Ponti. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of Modernism in today’s world has sparked a renewed interest in Ponti’s design ideology, as well as his works, both of which have adopted innovation and refinement. In order to understand Gio Ponti’s influence on Italian design, one must first understand the influence the world had on Ponti. A brief synopsis of his existence is necessary in order to reveal the elements, which ultimately determined his novel ideology towards design. Ponti’s service during WWI and his work with various design firms he worked with over the span of nearly six decades are obvious contributions. Meanwhile, one cannot overlook his work as an editor and educator, nor his participation in the Triennale Exhibitions, which not only influenced Ponti but the rest of the world as well. First, it is necessary to give due credit to gioponti.com/index.html, which provided all of the following biographical information pertaining to Gio Ponti. Gio Ponti was born in Milan on November 18, 1891 to Enrico Ponti and Giovanna Rigone. As Italy engaged in a war with Austria, Ponti was drafted into the army. By 1916, Ponti acquired the rank of captain, while he also received the Bronze Medal and Military Cross. During his tour in WWI, Ponti witnessed many examples of the classical architect, Andrea Palladio. His experience with Palladian architecture helped to initiate his earliest conceptions of design. After exiting the war, Ponti pursued a degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic and finally... Free Essays on Gio Ponti Free Essays on Gio Ponti During the twentieth century, the world of Italian design achieved their identity as the â€Å"design capital of the world†. The evolution of Italian design was equally impacted by the rise of Fascism between the World Wars, the emergence of new ideological approaches towards design, and technological advancements. However, no other element influenced Italy’s national identity more than the work of Gio Ponti. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of Modernism in today’s world has sparked a renewed interest in Ponti’s design ideology, as well as his works, both of which have adopted innovation and refinement. In order to understand Gio Ponti’s influence on Italian design, one must first understand the influence the world had on Ponti. A brief synopsis of his existence is necessary in order to reveal the elements, which ultimately determined his novel ideology towards design. Ponti’s service during WWI and his work with various design firms he worked with over the span of nearly six decades are obvious contributions. Meanwhile, one cannot overlook his work as an editor and educator, nor his participation in the Triennale Exhibitions, which not only influenced Ponti but the rest of the world as well. First, it is necessary to give due credit to gioponti.com/index.html, which provided all of the following biographical information pertaining to Gio Ponti. Gio Ponti was born in Milan on November 18, 1891 to Enrico Ponti and Giovanna Rigone. As Italy engaged in a war with Austria, Ponti was drafted into the army. By 1916, Ponti acquired the rank of captain, while he also received the Bronze Medal and Military Cross. During his tour in WWI, Ponti witnessed many examples of the classical architect, Andrea Palladio. His experience with Palladian architecture helped to initiate his earliest conceptions of design. After exiting the war, Ponti pursued a degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic and finally...

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI Essay

Why Chinese governments stimulate outward FDI - Essay Example China has continued to stimulate outward FDI, with the lifting of restrictions on Chinese firm operations overseas on the new law on foreign exchange. For instance, there is no need to obtain exchange based on a risk assessment. This is expected to increase Chinas Outward FDI. As much as the countries may have difficulties in navigating towards the process, China may opt to go to the developing countries because of initiatives employed by these countries. Recently China is focusing on Africa, to increase the outward FDI since it is currently relatively small than the size of its economy (Ilhà ©u, 2010). There are other top host countries of great interest to china, which include Hong Kong and the Caribbean tax haven. That constantly account for about 70% of the flow. These counties are often used by multinational firms to store wealth as a result of their confidentiality to the foreign investors. Focusing on these countries by Chinese firm may also be one of the ways of hiding wealt h from tax authorities, other authorities or the public shareholders (Morck, et al. 2007). The following are the three features of Chinese macro environment that are likely to connect with the outward FDI surge. High saving rates, Weak corporate governance, distorted capital allocation. As much as outward FDI can let firms gain important economies of scale and scope, the above features could combine to induce excessive outward FDI by the wrong players that would be working with the Chinese long-term economic prospects (Morck, et al. 2007, p 10). Therefore, it is important to understand outward FDI to achieve prosperity. Outward foreign direct investment by the Chinese firms was expected to reach a record of USD 120 billion in 2014. However, the recent liberalization of capital controls has also further complicated the task of recording such outflows accurately. Other data points suggest that the

Research report on Internet Security Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Internet Security - Research Paper Example This denotes whenever a person is online, he/she can become a possible target for security threats (BigPlanet, n.d.). Due to this reason, internet security has become more important for internet users including individual persons, organisations and the government. The structure of internet allows for the existence of several security threats (Daya, 2008). Focusing on this aspect, the report encompasses brief history of internet security threats. Furthermore, the report also describes about the method of protection from security threats. The objective of the report is to acquire a brief idea about different security threats that exist in internet and how these threats can be dealt with. History of Internet Security Threats The idea of internet has started as a project sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of US Department of Defence in the year 1969. The key intention of the project was to develop a network which can operate even if main segments of communication netwo rk crash. Thus, ARPANET was designed in order to redirect the network traffic spontaneously around the problems in linking systems. The protocols of ARPANET were mainly intended for openness and flexibility of information, rather than for information security. Thus, every person needed to be an unrestricted insider of the network so that information can be shared easily. As more computer systems (which are also known as sites in present day’s phraseology) linked in the ARPANET, the worth of this network has increased (Dekker, 1997). At that time, researchers played practical fun on each other by using ARPANET which involved joke mails, annoying posts and other minor security breaches. During that period, connection from any remote system was not considered as a security threat, because ARPANET users comprised a small group of people who were generally familiar to each other and also had faith on each other. Since the popularity of ARPANET increased, its users also augmented. In the year 1986, the first exposed security threat in ARPANET occurred in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of California where an unidentified system had attempted to copy information from the computer system. This incidence raised concerns about the damaging characteristics of ARPANET (Dekker, 1997). In the year 1988, ARPANET had first faced mechanical security incident namely ‘Morris Worm’, where a student of Cornell University developed a program which can connect with another system and can copy itself in the system. This self copying mechanical attack caused symmetrical eruption of copies at computers that were connected with ARPANET. At that time, ARPANET had almost 88,000 users who reflected it as the prime way of communication. In reaction to the worm, several users had detached themselves from the ARPANET, further hindering the communication procedure. Several organisations have emerged after these security occurrences in order to deal with the online att acks and instruct the ARPANET users regarding potential security threats and also certain preventive activities (Dekker, 1997). In the year 1989, ARPANET was officially termed as Internet and shifted from a government research project

Smart Phones by Conch Republic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smart Phones by Conch Republic - Case Study Example Currently the company has its smart phone model in the market which has already earned company a good chunk of revenues. However, with the passage of time, Conch Republic keeps on investing more money in its research and development activities so that its major products continue to exist in the market without getting obsolete. As a result, the company has developed a new model of the existing smart phone which has different new features but the most popular one is that of Wi-Fi tethering. The company has planned to terminate the production of the existing smart phones in next two years, but have made the financial viability of the introduction of new smart phones. The proposed smart phones are estimated to have the useful life of around five years. The company has already incurred around $750,000 and $200,000 on the development of the prototype and the marketing campaign of the new smart phones respectively. However, both of these costs are not included in the investment appraisal co mputation of the new smart phones because they are assumed to be the sunk cost. Sunk costs are those which do not matter whether a certain project is either accepted or rejected, in this way, these two costs would have no impact upon the decision to accept or reject the new smart phone. ... Therefore, in the computation of net cash flows, the impact of loss of contribution in the existing smart phone model due to introduction of new smart phones, are also included and they are considered as a cash outflows. Assumptions All the amounts included in the computation are US Dollars ($). Taxes are assumed to be paid to the authorities in the year in which the tax liability of Conch Republic arises. Impact of inflation is ignored. Discount factor for Conch Republic is estimated to be 12%. Depreciation rates are assumed to 5-years MACRS. Conch Republic is assumed to pay tax at the rate of 35%. Investment Appraisal The project of introduction of new smart phones by Conch Republic has been mainly appraised with the help of traditional investment appraisal techniques which are Discounted Payback Period, Profitability Index, Internal Rate of Return and lastly but the most famous one, Net Present Value. The most important factor which is common in all the above mentioned techniques is the use of discounted cash flows so that the impact of time value of money can managed appropriately (Brigham et al, 2008). The main stream presentation of the computation of the overall investment appraisal of the new smart phones is attached at the end of this discussion along with workings of changes in working capital and loss of contribution of the existing smart phones due to launch of new smart phones. 1. Discounted Payback Period (PBP) Discounted Payback Period mainly depicts the duration in which the initial investment of any project is likely to be recovered (Eckbo, 2008). For the proposed new smart phones, the discounted payback period is found to be 3.94 years which means that in around 3.94 years, there is likelihood that the initial investment of $38.5 million is