Critical Success Factor Report (Alley Cafe) Essay

Basic Success Factor Report (Alley Cafe) - Essay Example Aside from that, it has made an individual specialty by directing occasions with growing neighborhood abilities. The Cafe offers a stage where skilled fans perform live just as show their specialties and works of art on exhibition dividers of the Cafe. The exhibition divider is where artistic creations and craftsmanships of various new gifts are shown. A portion of the notable and favored menus are prepared natural beans, toast and fried eggs (Alley Cafã ©, 2014b). The goal of the report is to assess and investigate basic achievement factors for Alley Cafe. The present report is a retail review of a medium estimated retail association, Alley Cafe, with significant spotlight on its basic achievement factors. The retail review will help in recognizing the present market request and make future conjectures likewise. This data will be consequently utilized for perceiving achievement factors explicit for the business in which Alley Cafe works. The examination procedure incorporates both essential and auxiliary research. Essential research has been finished by directing a client overview so as to break down present market interest for Alley bistro and competitor’s situating in the market. Auxiliary research incorporates broad audit of the organization and contenders through writing study, articles, diaries and real sites. Out of 177 respondents studied for retail review, 83 never visited the Cafe (Figure 6). Taking the higher edge in every class for cash spent, normal month to month salary for Alley Cafe is assessed to be around 1011 Euros. Likewise, larger part of clients spend under 15 Euros while visiting Alley Cafe. The interest for espresso is more throughout the winter season. Aside from that, United Kingdom is a significantly espresso expending country. Numerous new little and neighborhood coffeehouses and tidbits bar are being propelled, expanding generally speaking serious condition of the nearby market (Figure 8). Additionally, review results demonstrated that client interest for full English

Social Loafing Essay examples - 1411 Words

What is Social Loafing? Social Loafing is something everyone has experienced. Most likely if you do not like group work this is one of the main reasons why. â€Å"Social loading describes the tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group. Because all members of the group are pooling their effort to achieve a common goal each member of the group contributes less than they would if they were individually responsible† (Cherry). This challenges the common belief that group work will be more productive. In 1913 a researcher named Ringelmann designed an experiment involving rope pulling to test the effect of social loafing. His experiment found that when an individual was put in a group his or her effort was less.†¦show more content†¦Having tasks that are too difficult or are unfamiliar are likely to incite social loafing because they group member lacks the ability or courage to provide input. Robbins and Judge (2011) theorize that another cause of social loafing is an uneven equity. When two people are putting in different levels of input and receiving the same level of output the larger contributor will adjust their input to reduce cognitive dissonance. Another reason they believe is â€Å"dispersion of responsibility† group members cannot be held responsible because tasks and roles are not clearly assigned. (Robbins Judge, 2011). In research by Worchel and others (1998) it was found that groups with friends or familiar members are far less likely to loaf when compared with groups made up of strangers (Worchel, Rothgerber, Day, Hart, Butemeyer, 1998) Most people have been in a group made up of friends and colleges they are familiar with and seen that in these types of groups social loafing is drastically reduced. Gender and Cultural Difference Karau and Williams explain there are several outlying factors that affect social loafing such as, gender, culture, and individual/collective rating. Women are less likely than men to social loaf because of the higher importance placed on being part of or fitting in a group while men usually place more value on individual performance. In a study of Japanese people â€Å"about 20% of men and 60% of women† did not social loaf (Kugihara, 1999)Show MoreRelatedEssay on Working in Groups and Social Loafing1810 Words   |  8 PagesSocial loafing is the effect that people will exert less effort if they are working in a collective environment. Working in groups is an integral part of everyday life because it happens in almost every context whether it is sports teams, organizational groups, project groups and even juries. Therefore it is important to understand the underlying factors that influence this construct. The current research composed of 20 parti cipants, investigated the social loafing effect of two working conditions:Read More|Curbing Social Loafing in the Retail Environment | |3837 Words   |  16 Pages| | |Curbing Social Loafing in the Retail Environment | | | | | Read MoreSocial Loafing Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing A major component of Social Psychological research is based on social loafing. Social loafing can result in diverse possibilities and also not only affects the individual who is conducting the social phenomenon but also group members are subjected to exposure. Discussion regarding the reasons of social loafing as an occurrence will be based primarily on evidence from literature regarding the specific component, envy. Possibilities of outcomes range fromRead MoreSocial Loafing And Conformity Within Teams746 Words   |  3 Pagesor teams. With this in mind, Fischer highlights that teams have a list of negatives also associated with them. A few examples are general dysfunction and disagreement, longer decision-making processes, and social loafing (Fischer, 2012). This paper will address the presence of social loafing and conformity within teams. The Problem Statement: Young Life Volunteer Team Young Life (YL) is a Christian, nondenominational organization that shares the gospel with students of all ages (highRead MoreThe Term Social Loafing 1543 Words   |  7 Pagesconied the term ‘social loafing’ to describe the idea that people tend to put in less effort when working in groups than when working alone, be it in sports or in academic settings. Now shirking is a term to describe group member who slacks off or avoids working all together based on the fact that he has been put in a group, this essay will try to answer the questions, should shirkers be reported to instructors, and is the group ethically bound to tell the shirker? Is social loafing always shirkingRead MoreCase Study : Business Building, University Of Iowa2200 Words   |  9 Pagesgreat performance, our team maximized process gains by way of information exchange and decreased process losses in terms of social loafing. From lecture, process gains are efforts and actions put forth that help accomplish the task at hand such as information exchange, load balancing, and social facilitation. On the other hand, process losses are high turnover, social loafing, and production blocking. Higher process gains and lower process losses result into superior team productivity (Crawford, 2/2)Read MoreTaking a Look at Social Loafing1178 Words   |  5 Pagesindependently and where the individuals performance cannot be acknowledged as excellent and important are called as social loafing (Joseph Timothy 2012). Social loafing is the characteristic of individuals in a part of their academic life. It may be seen as a failure to willingly satisfy the duties and commitments to others because of the perception of reduced social pressure. Yet, social loafer or free-rider without exerting effort in a team will gain benefits from the work of others as the outcomeRead MoreTavris in Groups We Shrink Essay699 Words   |  3 Pagesdidnt anybody do anything? What were the people thinking? In addition to being afraid of being an individual in the midst of a group, people often look at others to set the example. Another term for this is, diffusion of responsibility or social loafing. For example, Ive been in many classes where the students were afraid to speak out. But eventually there is a brave soul who ventures to raise their hand to answer a question. And this starts the ball rolling. Eventually each individualRead MoreThe Main Features Of A Bureaucracy And The Scientific Design Of Work2034 Words   |  9 Pagestherefore Fayols’ five functions of management are implemented through impersonal control rather than direct face to face control. In contrast to rationalisation, King and Lawley (2013) describe the social organisation as a belief that the key factors in shaping an individual within the workplace are the social interactions between people. King and Lawley (2013) state that the findings from Hawthorne studies have been credited with humanising management, there has been a shift from individuals being seenRead MoreSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations1286 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations Abstract Social loafing occurs in groups and reduces group effectiveness and productivity. Various literatures on social loafing reviewed suggest that the group size, the identifiably of the participants, the evaluation of their performance, people’s beliefs about their feelings of uniqueness, envy, task difficulty, how people’s beliefs about their

Globalization and Its Impact on International Business Essay

Table of the content Introduction....................................................................3 What is Globalization....................................................4 The engines for Globalizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Globalization’s impacts on international business†¦..7 The road ahead for international business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Introduction Every day we hear it on the news, read it in the papers, overhear people talking about it†¦ and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a different meaning. So, what is globalization? What are its main drivers? Why and how does globalization impact international business? What’s the future of†¦show more content†¦This is linked to technological changes, innovation and invention in many different markets. If the MES is rising this means that the domestic market may be regarded as too small to satisfy the selling needs of these industries. Overseas sales become essential. Globalization’s impacts on international business The trend towards globalization and internationalization, together with the nature of competition, means that an increasing number of firms need to deal with business issues in an international context. Why does this trend toward a global economy mean for managers with an international business? Let’s exam the global business environment and see how globalization environments impacts on international business. Generally, the globalShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On International Business828 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has influenced the way our world works today. This is the process of international business. Many of the items we are using at this very moment are imports, products produced in another country. Many businesses today rely on exports, products produced in their home country and shipped to other nations. Every country relies on imports and exports. Wether a firm is expanding to another nation or uses imported goods, international business is always involved and will affect the businessRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On International Business2183 Words   |  9 PagesWHAT IS GLOBALIZATION Fundamentally, globalization is the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reductions of costs of transport and communications and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge and to a lesser extent. Globalization is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes seen as increasing interdependence, integrationRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On International Business2183 Words   |  9 PagesWHAT IS GLOBALIZATION Fundamentally, globalization is the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reductions of costs of transport and communications and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge and to a lesser extent. Globalization is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes seen as increasing interdependence, integrationRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societ ies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead MoreApplication Of The New Digital Technologies Into All Aspect Of Business851 Words   |  4 PagesThe act of collaboration and incorporation among governments, people and companies in the different part of the globe in called globalization. The rising or the integration of globalization has had impact in the various aspect of mankind. Information technology has aided in the various aspect of globalization which include international trade and investment, education, health, environment, media, culture, human right and among others. The effects on these aspects of the well-being of the societyRead MoreGlobalization Is The Key Of Success For All Countries1183 Words   |  5 Pages1. Synopsis Globalization has no borders and boundaries across the world due to exchange of knowledge, thoughts, trade and information. This report will examine the definition of globalization, advantages and disadvantages of globalization and the popularity of globalization. Some strong evidences gathered by the primary and secondary data. Some content is based on my personal knowledge. Table of content 2. Introduction Nowadays, globalization plays the vital role all around the world. ThereRead MoreHow Globalization Affects Developing Countries?1504 Words   |  7 PagesHow Globalization Affects Developed Countries The phenomenon of globalization began in a primitive form when humans first settled into different areas of the world; however, it has shown a rather steady and rapid progress in the recent times and has become an international dynamic which, due to technological advancements, has increased in speed and scale, so that countries in all five continents have been affected and engaged. What Is Globalization? Globalization is defined as a process which, basedRead MoreGlobalization Of The Multinational Corporation Culture Shock Experienced By Managers Who Work Abroad935 Words   |  4 Pagesand efficiently, with and through other people. Management has been impacting the globalization of business positively and negatively. Since the beginning of international trade through the 20th century trade expanded rapidly as a result of improvement in many aspect such as communication transportation and management .There are some important subject when it comes to impact of management in globalization of business. The multinational corporation Culture shock experienced by managers who work abroadRead MoreThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business900 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact of management in the globalization of business. The multinational corporation The impact of globalization on international business International business refers to a wide range of business activities unde rtaken across national borders. Along with rapidly increasing globalization, international business has become a popular topic and has drawn the attention of business executives, government officials and academics. International business is different from domestic business. At the internationalRead MoreGlobalization of Supply Chain Management1422 Words   |  6 PagesConclusions The globalization of supply chain management is the natural outcome of today’s expanding consumer markets as companies struggle to meet the dynamic needs of growing markets and new customer segments. It has led to a high degree of specialization under an ever-expanding world market. People with special skills can work with little overheads and market globally. Small companies can flourish. Introduction The pace of globalization on the supply chain continues to foster opportunities

Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 1074 Words

There are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he made the right choice. This researcher’s opinion is based off of the facts she has understood to be true in history class. To back up this claim, support for the argument will be provided through intensive research. Scholarly journal articles,†¦show more content†¦Though it is obvious that this researcher believes President Truman took the proper action necessary to end World War II, many people conclude that other options should have been considered.With this ethical deba te that has been discussed over decades, comes a variety of possible alternatives to America unleashing nuclear warfare on Japan. Of these include, waiting for the Soviet Union to enter the war, invading Japan, and strengthening and intensifying the naval blockade. According to www. authentichistory.com, military analysts working for the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) in 1945 believed that two things must happen for the Japanese leadership to surrender. â€Å"There had to be acceptance of the inevitability of defeat; and a clarification from the Americans that unconditional surrender did not mean national annihilation†(Barnes). Supporters of this decision recognize that a Soviet declaration of war on Japan would satisfy the first necessity. By waiting for Russia to enter the war, thousands of innocent lives could have been saved, because the fear of complete annihilation would have caused Japan to surrender before the U.S. could drops the bombs. Invading Japan could hav e possibly resulted in less overall casualties than those from the nuclear weapons, so it is understandable why some

Frees All Quiet on the Western Front All Q Essay Example For Students

Frees All Quiet on the Western Front All Q Essay uiet on the Western Front EssaysRemarques novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, transpires in the trenches of the Nazi Western Front, which is protected by the young German soldiers World War I. Paul Baumer, the narrator; enters the war under pressure to enlist; goes to the front and learns about the brutality of war. Paul witnesses the extreme violence that defines war during his time spent on the Western Front. Baumer and his cronies learn to except the war as part of their lives, but the pains of battle which tear the young soldiers apart inside never leave. When these armed men return to normal civilization, disappointment strikes deep in their hearts as the ignorance of those not in the war reveals itself. The now savage killing machines can no longer relate to everyday society. The common populace knows not of the harsh realities of war, and for this reason they innocently talk as though the fighting and killing that characterizes the seemingly eternal siege, possesses some gl orifying reward. The people who have not been forced to look into the eyes of a dying comrade, whose legs have torn off due to the shrapnel of a mortar, can not sympathize with the broken hearts of the soldiers. They only visualize a possibly strenuous battle resulting in few casualties and from which their troops emerge elated and victorious. The soldiers on the front lines actually experience events, which scar their minds with thoughts of death and destruction. Remarque displays these ideas of pain and suffering through ignorance, fear, and inhumanity. Remarque depicts the misconception of war, by capturing the unknowingness that prevents those not fighting the war, from understanding the truth about wars hideous reality. Ignorance, one of the many facets of the peoples general understanding of war, causes the formation of a gap between the soldiers and the rest of society. But my father would rather I kept my uniform on so that he could take me to visit his acquaintances. (pg.16 4) Paul states that he has no desire to wear a uniform that represents the unfathomable death and destruction of the war. Pauls father can not comprehend the fact that the uniform means more than loyalty, bravery, and honor. He perfectly exemplifies the attitude of the majority of civilians; they are blinded by their pride and confidence and can not visualize wars devastating effect on the soldiers. He wants me to tell him about the front; he is curious in a way that I find stupid and distressing; I no longer have any real contact with him. (pg.165). Paul reiterates his feelings about the war and its separating effects in a subsequent quote, Baumer once again uses his father to represent the whole of society oblivious to the trained killing machines that once lived as regularly operating beings. The inexplicable ignorance of the civilians continues to reveal itself as another person, this time his German-master approaches him with comments, which display that the people know nothing about the battle, their troops fight. You look well, Paul, and fit. Naturally its worse here. Naturally. The best for our soldiers every time that goes without saying. (Pg. 166). Clearly the general public had no idea that their soldiers suffered and died on the battlefields. Fear also weighed heavily in the hearts of the soldiers. The anticipation of an inevitably untimely death caused many soldiers to live their hectic lives in a constant state of fear. The front is a cage in which we must wait fearfully whatever may happen. (pg.101) Paul states that the uncertainty of war results in unending suffering. This suffering takes a toll not only on the body, but on the mind as well. Soldiers live with death on a regular basis, which no doubt works on the mind in such a fashion that the fear of their own death and the deaths of their friends causes tremendous anxiety. At one point in the novel Paul defines the front as a mysterious whirlpool(pg.55). The troops fear of the unknown force upon them uncertainty in a time during which the utmost confidence is required. A soldier lacking the confidence to react to his surroundings also lacks the ability to stay alive during heated battle. Wheres Himmelstoss? Quickly I jump back and find him lying pretending to be wo unded. He is in panic(pg.131). Baumer describes how even high ranking officers fear for their lives during bombardments. Ironically, Himmelstoss presents himself as a thick-skinned veteran when the fighting has ceased, but he cant keep his composure when the possibility arises that he may lose his life. If not even the high-ranking officers can stay strong no young, green soldier could be expected to exhibit bravery. The troops carry this fear with them even after the war ends, and society can not see why the men are plagued with paranoia. The soldiers subsequently form walls between themselves and the rest of the world. .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .postImageUrl , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:hover , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:visited , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:active { border:0!important; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:active , .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u608b1325220a3c284a84a5dd4c7f591a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brown, Achievement: Martial Arts Competition Essay One of the strongest themes in this book is that war makes man inhuman. Remarque often compared the troops to various nonliving objects that were inhuman. The soldiers are compared to coins of different provinces that are melted down and now they bear the same stamp, (Pg. 236). Remarque concludes that the soldiers state of mind that exhibits change, from when they were schoolboys; the stamp being the mark of a soldier changing them forever. Paul compares his cronies and himself with automatons; robots operating themselves as nothing more than killing machines (Pg. 105). Remarque uses this analogy to give the impression tha t the soldiers endure the same feeling repeatedly in such a fashion that they appear inhuman. In this classic war story Remarque also describes the soldiers as inhuman wild beasts. Paul states that when soldiers reach the zone where the front begins they transform into instant inhuman animals(pg. 56). Remarque expresses the fact that the front resembles a magical line; once they cross it theyre not the same people they lived as on the other side of the line. Paul comments, We have become wild beasts. We do not fight we defend ourselves against annihilation(pg. 103). Here Remarque states that the German soldiers only defend what they have, not attempting to pillage and burn what doesnt belong to them. Paul believes that they become something like men again after the soldiers get the food, which the body requires to function properly, (pg. 106). Remarque implies that the drive for food changes the troops into terrifying wild beasts, but when they get the food they revert back to human form once again. Damned lousy war (pg.77). A soldier expresses feelings for the war which he shares with nearly all other soldiers no matter what the war or reason for fighting it. All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Remarque, depicts wars effects on soldiers and how society has great trouble relating to the troops suffering. Clearly, a large wall erects itself between the soldiers and the rest of the world. Without experiencing their own ignorance, the fears of war, and the inhumane treatment the troops receive, the civilians have no idea of how to fathom the traumatic pains of war. In todays society, this line between soldiers and civilians has thinned, but not erased. Todays warfare greatly differs from that of the past in that the battlefield doesnt consist only of hoards of men charging each hoping to escape death. Perhaps war will someday be fought over the phone, without weapons minimizing deaths and suffering, if soldiers were not so traumatized by war the barrier between civilians and t roops could erase itself.

Clinical Chemistry In Medicine Essays - Hepatology,

Clinical Chemistry In Medicine Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinical chemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologic conditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individual tests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems can be analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about the function of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper covers the some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Like most of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantly renewed. In the course of this turnover, they may undergo deamination, the removal of the amino group. Deamination, which takes place principally in the liver, results in the formation of ammonia. In the liver, the ammonia is quickly converted to urea, which is relatively nontoxic, and is then released into the bloodstream. In the blood, it is readily removed through the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Any disease or condition that reduces glomerular filtration or increases protein catabolism results in elevated BUN levels. Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is a waste product derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulus and blood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscle tissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by a nonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a rather consistent rate (Merck, 1991). Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into three major categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes include heart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes include urethral obstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. True renal disease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raises BUN and creatinine levels when over 70% of the nephrons become nonfunctional (Sodikoff, 1995). Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The glucose level in blood is normally controlled to within narrow limits. Inadequate or excessive amounts of glucose or the inability to metabolize glucose can affect nearly every system in the body. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) may be caused by pancreatic tumors (over-production of insulin), starvation, hypoadrenocorticism, hypopituitarism, and severe exertion. Elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) can occur in diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperpituitarism, anoxia (because of the instability of liver glycogen in oxygen deficiency), certain physiologic conditions (exposure to cold, digestion) and pancreatic necrosis (because the pancreas produces insulin which controls blood glucose levels). Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin. During periods of low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and inhibits glucose breakdown by glycolysis in the liver and stimulates glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters the bloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the resulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by muscle tissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin also activates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger, 1993). With insufficient insulin, glucose is not used by the tissues and accumulates in the blood. The accumulated glucose then spills into the urine. Additional amounts of water are retained in urine because of the accumulation of glucose and polyuria (excessive urination) results. In order to prevent dehydration, more water than normal is consumed (polydipsia). In the absence of insulin, fatty acids released form adipose tissue are converted to ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone). Although ketone bodies can be used a energy sources, insulin deficiency impairs the ability of tissues to use ketone bodies, which accumulate in the blood. Because they are acids, ketones may exhaust the ability of the body to maintain normal pH. Ketones are excreted by the kidneys, drawing water with them into the urine. Ketones are also negatively charged and draw positively charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium) with them into urine. Some other results of diabetes mellitus are cataracts (because of abnormal glucose metabolism in the lens which results in the accumulation of water), abnormal neutrophil function (resulting in greater susceptibility to infection), and an enlarged liver (due to fat accumulation) (Fraser, 1991). Bilirubin is a bile pigment derived from the breakdown of heme by the reticuloendothelial system. The reticuloendothelial system filters out and destroys spent red blood cells yielding a free iron molecule and ultimately, bilirubin. Bilirubin binds to serum albumin, which restricts it from urinary excretion,

Loki Essays - Jtnar, Sir, Synjur, Sons Of Odin, Loki, Lokasenna

Loki Essays - Jtnar, Sir, Synjur, Sons Of Odin, Loki, Lokasenna Loki LOKI Loki is probably the most misunderstood of all the gods. Most people have come to see him as a most vile being, but this is a misconception. As everyone knows his actions will help destroy the gods, but there is more to him than that. What he gave to humanity as a whole outweighs what he has done and what he will do. He gave us choice; to understand that statement you need to know more about him, the events which led to his imprisonment, and the events that will lead to his eventual death. Loki is mentioned in Volsupa, Thrymskvitha, Hymiskvitha, Svipdagsmal, Reginsmal, Gylfaginning, Hyndluljod, and Baldrs Draumar. He is the subject of Lokasenna. Eilif Gudrunarson, Thjodolf of Hvin, and Ulf Uggason myths about Thor and Geirrdr, Idunn and Thjazi, and Heimdall and Loki have Loki playing a part in them. Loki came from the east. He is the son of the giant Bergelmir, or Farbauti (the dangerous striker, ie, the storm), and giantess Laufey (or Nal, needle). His wife is Sigyn, who is included among the Asynjur by Snorri. They have two sons Vali and Narfi. In Hyndluljod, He also had three other children by the giantess Angrbodha (Boder of Sorrow), the Vanargand (Fenris Wolf), the Midgard Serpent (Jormungand or Ioemingang), and Hel. He is also mother/father to Sleipnir (Gylfaginning 42, Volupsa 25). Also in Hyndluljod, he ate the cooked heart of a woman which he found in the embers through this he came with child, and gave birth to an unknown monster. In Gylfaginning (33) Snorri says that Included among the Aesir is he whom some call the slanderer of the Aesir or the author of deceit and the shame of god and men. To outward appearance Loki is beautiful and comely, but evil in disposition and most fickle in nature. He excelled in sleight and had strategems for all occassions. He often brought the Aesir into great difficulties, but then delivered them with his cunning. He elsewhere says; How shall Loki be referred to? By calling him comrade and table-companion of din and the Aesir, Geirrdr's visitor and casket-ornament, thief from giants, of goat and Brisingamen and Idun's apples, enemy of the gods, Sif's hair-harmer, maker of mischief, the cunning As, accuser and tricker of gods, contriver of Baldr's death, the bound one, wrangler with Heimfdall and Skandi. In Heimskringla din is called Lopt's friend, and Snorri speaks of him as Evil companion and bench-mate of din and the Aesir. Other descriptions by Snorri are: Foe of the gods, the sly god, Slanderer and cheat of the gods, Wolf's father, the cunning Loki. He calls himself Lopt (the airy one), and this name is also given to him by others (Lokasenna 52), and may be connected with lopteldr (lightning). The name Lodur, which occurs only in Volupsa (18), as that of an associate of din and Hnir, is generally supposed to be an early name of Loki, who was companion and friend of Hnir according to Thjodolf of Hvin (Skldskaparml 22). DUALITY As already stated, Loki and din are blood brothers. This is how he came to be included among the Aesir, despite that the Aesir and the giants are maternal blood relatives. Yet he has always brought much woe to the gods. Loki does mischief for mischief's sake. He is a thief (of the Brisingamen) or he causes theft (Idunn and her apples). He dislikes others to be praised, even as a servant, as when he slew Fimafeng at Aegir's banquet (Skaldskaparml 33, Lokasenna Intro). He is foul-mouthed and slanderous, as Lokasenna shows. However, he has also been the key in bringing about situations which have helped the gods. If it wasn't for Loki how would Thor come about having the hammer Mjollnir, or din his spear Gungnir and horse Sleipnir? Loki was always welcome, to a certain extent, among the gods (until Lokasenna). Whenever anyone went to Jtunheim, he was usually there as an intermediary. In those days he was a mischievous god bent on a little personal gain. His actions were never truly evil, but eventually his pranks took on a more serious turn. His nature has been sought in the meaning of his name, which may be connected with Logi, German